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Stephen Andrew Watts
Address: Department of Biology University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL 35294-1170
Phone: (205) 934-8308 FAX: (205) 975-6097
E-MAIL: This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it
Birth Date: September 9, 1957 - Roanoke, VA
Education:
Postdoctoral Fellowship. 1986-1988. University of New Hampshire. Research: “Chemical Control of Spermatogenesis in a Sea Star Model”. Ph.D. 1986. Biology. University of South Florida. Dissertation: “Metabolic Changes in the Pyloric Caeca During the Annual Reproductive Cycle of Luidia clathrata (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)”. M.A. 1981. Zoology. University of South Florida. Thesis: "Biochemical Response to Temperature in the Sea Star Echinaster sp. (Muller and Troschel) (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)". B.S. 1979. Marine Science. Auburn University.
Professional Experience:
Research:
Visiting Scientist (Fall, 2004): Texas A&M Experimental Station, Port Aransas, Texas. Nutritional requirements of aquatic biomedical research models. Graduate Program Director (2000-): Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Professor (1998-present): Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Associate Professor (1993-98): Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Assistant Professor (1988-93): Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham. Postdoctoral Fellow (1986-1988): Department of Zoology, University of New Hampshire. Visiting Scientist (Spring, 1987): Department of Comparative Physiology, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands. Techniques in steroid chemistry. Visiting Scientist (Summer, 1986): Department of Biology, University of Victoria, British Columbia. Techniques in monoclonal antibodies. Associate Director SEAWATCH Program (1983-1984): Florida Institute of Oceanography. Marine organismal surveys of Tampa Bay, Florida. Research Assistant (1981-1982): Department of Biology, University of South Florida. Funded by Department of Natural Resources. Water chemistry of Florida freshwater lakes. Research Assistant (1980): Department of Biology, University of South Florida. Biochemistry of water plants in Florida lakes.
Professional Experience (continued)
Undergraduate Research Assistant (1979): Department of Biology, Auburn University. Studies in the biology of tardigrades. Mentor – Dr. William Mason.
Teaching:
Assistant, Associate, Full Professor (1987-): Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham. Courses: BY 105 Introductory Biology; BY 330 Cell Biology; BY 671,771 Biochemical Adaptation; BY 685, BY 785 Seminar in Cell Biology; BY 397, 398, 399 Advanced Directed Readings, Undergraduate Research and Honor’s Research. Instructor (1985): Sex, Reproduction, and Population, Department of Biology, University of South Florida. Teaching Assistant (1979-1984): Department of Biology, University of South Florida. Courses: Fundamentals of Biology, Fundamentals of Zoology, Animal Physiology, Cell Biology.
Research Interest:
Nutrition sciences; Aquatic biomedical research models (sea urchins and zebrafish); Physiology and nutrition of growth and stress in aquatic organisms; Steroid metabolism and physiology; Environmental and hormonal control of growth and reproduction; Physiological ecology; Toxicology; Aquaculture; Development of greenroof technologies.
Professional Societies:
American Association Advancement Science Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology International Society of Invertebrate Reproduction The Crustacean Society American Tilapia Association International Association Astacologists World Aquaculture Society Florida Academy of Sciences Alabama Academy of Sciences Sigma Xi Phi Sigma Biological Honor Society Alpha Zeta Honor Society Golden Key Honor Society
Professional Awards and Activities:
1979-1985 Tuition Fellowship, University of South Florida 1983-5 Member, Department of Biology, USF, Curriculum Committee 1983-5 Member, Department of Biology, USF, Liaison Committee 1985 Outstanding Graduate Student Research Award, University of South Florida Chapter of Sigma Xi 1986-8 Member, Marine Biomedical Research Group, University of New Hampshire 1998-present Member, Graduate Affairs Committee, UAB 1989 Co-organizer, National Echinoderm Workshop/Symposium, Dauphin Island 1982-present Reviewer for Numerous National and International Science Journals 1989-present Faculty Sponsor, Gamma Theta Chapter of Phi Sigma Biological Honor Society 1991 Omicron Delta Kappa Faculty Leadership Honorary 1991 Nominee for University Award for Excellence in Teaching, Department of Biology, UAB 1993-5 Chairman, Alabama Academy of Science, Biological Sciences Section 1994-5 President, Sigma Xi, UAB Chapter 1994-present Chairman, Graduate Student Research Day, UAB 1993-present Chairman, Environmental and Applied Aquaculture Institute (North and Central Alabama) 1995 Recipient of the Emmett B. Carmichael Award for Outstanding Paper in the Journal of the Alabama Academy of Science 1996 Honorary Member to Golden Key National Honor Society 1993-1998 Elected to the UAB Faculty Senate 1998 Nominee for University Award for Excellence in Teaching, Department of Biology, UAB 1999-present Graduate Program Director, Department of Biology, UAB 2002 President, Alabama Academy of Sciences 2003 UAB Outstanding Faculty Member, Gamma Sigma Alpha National Greek Academic Honor Society 2003 Inducted as Honorary Distinguished Member, The National Society of Collegiate Scholars 2004 Who’s Who Among American Teachers (nominated and inducted). 2004 Nominee for President’s Award for Excellence in Teaching 2004 Faculty Advisor, UAB Chapter Alpha Epsilon Delta, Pre-Professional Society 2005 Outstanding Faculty Member. Recognized by Order of Omega and Gamma Sigma Alpha 2006 Plenary Lecture, International Echinoderm Conference, 11th Conference. 2006- Associate Editor, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 2006 Alpha Omicron Pi Professor of the Month 2006 Elected to Board of Trustees, Alabama Academy of Sciences 2006 President’s Award for Excellence in Teaching in Natural Sciences and Mathematics 2007 Caroline P. and Charles W. Ireland Prize for Scholarly Distinction (Highest award for Research Scholarship at UAB) 2007 Honorary Football Coach for the UAB Blazers (October) 2009 Dean’s Excellence in Mentorship Award (Awarded by the Graduate School for graduate student mentorship) 2009 Inducted as Fellow of the Alabama Academy of Science 2010 Stephen A. Watts Research Support Endowment (established by former student in honor of Dr. Watts)
Graduate Student Training:
Graduates: Carl B. Massey M.S. 1990. A Characterization of histone proteins isolated from pyloric caeca, testes and sperm of the sea star Asterias vulgaris. Gene A. Hines M.S. 1991. Sex steroids in the testes, ovaries and pyloric caeca of the sea star Asterias vulgaris. Charles D. Bishop M.S. 1991. Growth of the stomach and intestine of the regular sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. Kara J. Lee M.S. 1992. Developmental regulation of Na+K+ATPase activity in the brine shrimp Artermia: The potential regulatory role of polyamines. Mickie L. Powell M.S. 1993. Electrophoretic identification of several proteins in commercially cultured crayfish species. Kenneth C. Stuck Ph.D. 1995. Biochemical responses of postlarval Penaes vannamei to infection by the virus Baccilovirus penai. Mark E. Meade Ph.D. 1995. Effects of diet and environmental factors on growth, survival, and physiology of juvenile crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus. Jennifer L. Kreider M.S. 1995. Behavioral responses of the Louisiana red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii to natural dietary items and components of formulated crustacean feeds.
Graduate Student Training: (con’t)
Gene A. Hines Ph.D. 1997. Sex steroids during early development and sex differentiation of the tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Charles D. Bishop Ph.D. 1997. The effect of a live diet on organogenesis and functional development of the digestive system in the mouth brooding tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Hugh S. Hammer M.S. 1998. Developmental expression of digestive enzymes in Procambarus clarkii.
Kristina M. Wasson Ph.D. 1998. Reproduction and sex steroids in Lytechinus variegatus Larmarck.
Craig Rowell M.S. 1999. Androgen and estrogen metabolism in mono-sex populations of the nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus during sex differentiation. Mickie L. Powell Ph.D. 2000. The effect of temperature and nutrient level on energy metabolism in two sympatric crayfish species. Brenda D. Wallace M.S. 2002. The effects of dietary protein concentration on feeding and growth of small Lytechinus variegatus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Scott C. Hofer M.S. 2002. The effect of temperature on feeding and growth characteristics of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. Suzanne L. Croll M.S. 2002. The effect of temperature on feeding characteristics in two sympatric crayfish species. Victoria K. Gibbs M.S. 2005. Temperature affects biochemical composition and cell populations in the gonads of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. Randall Watts M.S. 2005. Validation of dual-energy x-ray absortionmetry (DXA) to predict body composition of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Hugh S. Hammer Ph.D. 2006. Determination of dietary protein, carbohydrate, and lipid requirements for the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus fed semi-purified feeds. Anna Morris Taylor M.S. 2006 Effect of dietary carbohydrate on weight gain and gonad production in juvenile sea urchins, Lytechinus variegatus. Adele Cunningham PhD 2007 The annual reproductive cycle of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus in the Northern Gulf of Mexico Heath Garris MS 2008 Feed comparison for dietary standardization of the sea urchin (Lytechinus variegatus) and assessment of parental dietary copper preexposure by embryological and fertilization bioassays. Natalie Jennings MS 2008 Acetylcholineesterase in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus: Characterization of developmental expression in larvae Dorothy Moseley MS 2008 Effect of monosodium glutamate on embryological development in the sea urchin Kim Trawick MS 2009 The effect of dietary zinc on growth and reproduction in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus Cristina Richardson MS 2010 Factors affecting cannibalism in intensive culture of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus: effect of size, density, and injury Alicia Kindred MS 2010 Effect of caffeine on growth and reproductive development of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus Laura Heflin MS 2010 Effect of dietary protein and carbohydrate on growth and organ production in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus
Doctoral, Research Associates, Research Professors: Lalitha Saripalli (PD, 1993-4) Mickie L. Powell (RA, 2002-2006) Anthony Siccardi (PD, 2006-) Mickie L. Powell (RAP, 2006-)
Students Currently in Training: Victoria Gibbs Ph.D. Warren Jones Ph.D. Laura Wright Ph.D. Chris Taylor MS
High School Students, Teachers, Undergraduate Research, Honor’s Research: In the last 23 years over 75 students and teachers have received research training in the laboratory. Numerous students have won awards at various local, regional, national and international competitions for their efforts.
Sources and Level of Research Support:
Agency: Sigma Xi Amount: $200 (1981) Title: Biochemical Adaptation to Temperature in the Sea Star Echinaster sp.
Agency: Sigma Xi Amount: $200 (1984) Title: The Effect of 17B-Estradiol on Growth and Anabolic Synthesis in the Sea Star Luidia clathrata
Agency: Sigma Xi Amount: $100 (1985) Title: Carbohydrate Metabolism in the Tube Feet and Pyloric Caeca of Luidia clathrata
Agency: NATO Amount: $5,500 (1986-88) Title: Influence of Steroids on Spermatogonial Proliferation. With Drs. C. Walker, P. Voogt and M. Klauser.
Agency: NIH (Biomedical Research Support Grant (2 S07 RR07108-14) Amount: $2,795 (1986-1987) Title: Mechanisms Influencing Spermatogonial Mitotic Divisions. With Dr. Charles Walker.
Agency: NSF (Regulatory Biology) Subcontract from UNH Amount: $33,346 (1988-89) Title: Initiation and Maintenance of Spermatogonial Mitotic Divisions
Agency: UAB Faculty Research Grant Amount: $2,000 (1988) Title: Role of Polyamine Metabolism During Osmoregulation of a Marine Invertebrate
Agency: UAB Faculty Research Grant Amount: $2,050 (1989) Title: Tissue Culture of Marine Invertebrates
Agency: NSF (EPSCoR) Amount: $15,000 (1989) Title: Modes and Energetics of Reproduction and Timing of Gametogenesis and Recruitment of Echinoderms in the Offshore Waters of the Gulf of Mexico. Co-PI with K. Marion, T. Hopkins. PI J. McClintock.
Agency: NSF(EPSCoR) Amount: $79,000 (1990-91) Title: Modes and Energetics of Reproduction and Timing of Gametogenesis and Recruitment of Echinoderms in the Offshore Waters of the Gulf of Mexico. Co-PI with K. Marion, T. Hopkins and J. McClintock.
Agency: UAB Faculty Research Grant Amount: $2000 (1990) Title: Polyamines During Early Development
Agency: NSF (EPSCoR, ROA) Amount: $14,500 (1990) Title: The Role of Polyamines in the Ontogeny of Osmotic and Ionic Regulation in the Brine Shrimp Artemia. With Raymond Henry and Christine Sundermann (Auburn University).
Agency: NSF (EPSCoR, ROA) Amount: $11,200 (1991) Title: The Role of Polyamines in the Ontogeny of Osmotic and Ionic Regulation in the Brine Shrimp Artemia. With Raymond Henry and Christine Sundermann (Auburn University).
Agency: Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Amount: $73,241, Sea Grant; $87,990 State Match; Total $161,231 (1992-93) Title: Evaluation of Biochemical Indicators of Growth in Crustaceans. With Shiao Wang, Univ. Southern Mississippi.
Agency: NSF (Research Facilities Office) Amount: $506,692 (1991) Title: Renovation and Modernization of the Marine Science Hall Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Alabama Marine Environmental Sciences Consortium. Associate Investigator (G. Crozier, T.S. Hopkins and S. Jorgensen, PI's at MESC.)
Agency: NSF (EPSCoR) Amount: $260,208 (1991-1994) Title: Chemical Defenses of Larval and Adult Echinoderms from the Gulf of Mexico: Implications for Recruitment- and Trophic-Dynamics in Nearshore Benthic Communities. Co-PI with T. Hopkins, K. Marion, R. Zimmerfaust; J. McClintock PI.
Agency: Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Amount: $8,000 (1991) Title: Evaluation of Biochemical Indicators of Growth in Crustaceans. PI with Shiao Wang, Univ. Southern Mississippi
Agency: UAB Faculty Research Grant Amount: $1,900 (1992) Title: The Evaluation of Steroid Metabolism in Hormonally-Enhanced Fish Culture
Agency: Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Amount: $226,814 ($98,425 Sea Grant; $128,389 State Match) 1993-1994 Title: Development of a Method for Controlling the Molt Cycle of the Blue Crab, Callinectes sapidus. Co-PI with Douglas Watson and Asim Bej.
Agency: NSF EPSCoR Amount: $900 (1993) Title: Federal Agency Visitation Proposal
Agency: AUTRC Amount: $30,000 (1994) Title: The Use of Poultry Meal and Feather Meal as a Supplemental Protein Source in Crayfish and Finfish Diets.
Agency: American Proteins, Inc. Amount: $7,000 Title: The Use of Poultry Meal and Feather Meal as a Supplemental Protein Source in Crayfish and Finfish Diets.
Agency: Gulf Coast Research Laboratory Amount: $5,000 1994 Title: Polyamine Analysis of Fish Exposed to Toxicants
Agency: Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Amount: $6000 (1994) Title: Development of an Accurate and Simplified Method for Species Identification in Pink (Peneaus duorarum and Brown (P. aztecus) Shrimp Postlarvae: A Fisheries Management Tool. Consortium Fellowship obtained for Mickie Powell.
Agency: Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Amount: $6000 (1995, resubmission for second year) Title: Development of an Accurate and Simplified Method for Species Identification in Pink (Peneaus duorarum and Brown (P. aztecus) Shrimp Postlarvae: A Fisheries Management Tool. Consortium Fellowship obtained for Mickie Powell.
Agency: Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) Amount: $190,000 (1995-97) Title: Use of Formulated Diets in Crayfish Culture. PI-Watts, with Co-PI Cynthia Kittler (Gadsden State)
Agency: Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Amount: $36,996 (continuation) 1995 Title: Development of a Method for Controlling the Molt Cycle of the Blue Crab, Callinectes sapidus. Co-PI with Douglas Watson (PI) and Asim Bej (Co-PI).
Agency: Mississippi Alabama Sea Grant Amount: $20,000 SG, $35239 Match (1996) Title: Development of a method for controlling the molting of blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus). (Watson PI, Luo and Watts - Co-PI)
Agency: Mississippi Alabama Sea Grant Amount: $46,715 SG funds, $39,555 Match, Total $86,270 (1997) Title: Development of a method for controlling the molting of blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus). (Watson PI, Luo and Watts - Co-PI)
Agency: Mississippi Alabama Sea Grant Amount: $6,486 SG funds, $9,285 Match, Total $15,771 (1997) Title: Assessment of Lytechinus variegatus as a fishery and aquaculture candidate in the Gulf of Mexico. (Watts PI; McClintock and Lawrence - Co-PI)
Agency: United States Department of Agriculture Amount: $133,352 (1997-98) Title: Physiological Basis of sex determination in the tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. (Wibbels, Co-PI)
Agency: Mississippi Alabama Sea Grant Amount: $34,029 SG funds, $17,548 Match, Total $51,577 (1998) Title: Development of a method for controlling the molting of blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus). (Watson PI, Luo and Watts - Co-PI)
Agency: CAWACA RC&D Amount: $3000 (2000-01) Title: Economic Enhancement of Rural Family Farms Through Cage Culture of Tilapia.
Agency: Mississippi Alabama Sea Grant Amount: Total $334,802 $181,978 SG funds, $152,824 Match (1998-00) Title: Assessment of sea urchins as fishery and aquaculture candidates in the Gulf of Mexico. (McClintock and Lawrence - Co-PI)
Agency: Education Foundation, UAB Amount: $24,500 Title: Proposal for a 5th Year Masters Program (Watts - PI, Co-PI - Lorden)
Agency: UAB Graduate School Amount: $10,000 Title: Proposal for a 5th Year Masters’ Program in Biology. S.A. Watts (PI) and J. Lorden, Fall 2002-2005
Agency: CAWACO RC&D Amount: $2,600 (2002) Title: Cage Culture of Tilapia in North-Central Alabama
Agency: National Science Foundation Amount: $97,008 (2004-05) Title: Neuroendocrine control of salinity-mediated carbonic anhydrase expression in the gills of euryhaline crustaceans. (Watts – Co-PI, R. Henry PI, Auburn)
Agency: Mississippi-Alabama SeaGrant Amount: $129,756 SG funds, $83, 248 Match, Total $213,004 (2004-05) Title: Assessment of the sea urchin Tripneustes ventricosus as a candidate for aquaculture in the Gulf of Mexico region.
Agency: Texas Sea Grant Amount: $177,276 (2006-07) Title: Dietary nutrient requirement determination and feed development for sea urchins for biomedical, ecotoxicological and educational models (Watts – Co-PI, A. Lawrence, PI, A&M,)
Agency: Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Amount: $227,605 (2006-07) Title: Sea urchins are improved candidates for aquaculture and biomedical/ecotoxicological models. (Watts – PI)
Agency: NOAA National Marine Aquaculture Program Amount: $2,660,934 (2007-2011) ($660K NOAA, $2 mil industry match) Title: NOAA Marine Aquaculture Program: Development of a Commercial United States Sea Urchin Aquaculture Facility. (Watts – PI)
Agency: NIH supplemental Amount: $44,600 (2009) Title: Development of a Zebrafish Core Facility at UAB (David Allison PI, Watts Co-I)
Agency: Alabama Water Resources Research Institute Amount: $25,000 (2010-2011) Title: Experimental evaluation of plant selection in limiting stormwater discharge from vegetated roofs (Watts Co-PI with Jason Kirby (CCEE) and Robert Peters (CCEE)
Agency: UAB (Gulf Oil Spill Pilot Grant) Amount: $20,000 (2010-2011) Title: High sensitivity toxicity screening of dispersants and residual oil using molecular biomarkers (M. Powell PI, Watts – Co-PI)
Agency: British Petroleum Research Fund Amount: $25,645 (2010-2011) Title: Chemical Dispersants in the Marine Environment: Harnessing the Fish Acute Phase Response for Rapid and Sensitive Evaluation of Exposure (Watts PI)
Publications:
1. Watts, S.A. and J.M. Lawrence. 1982. Effect of starvation on enzyme activities and nutrient stores in the pyloric caeca of Echinaster sp. (Echinodermata: Asteroidea). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 72B, 461-463.
2. Watts, S.A. and J.M. Lawrence. 1982. Activity and kinetic characteristics of triosephosphate isomerase from the pyloric caeca of Echinaster sp. (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) exposed to different temperatures. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 73B, 881-885.
3. Watts, S.A., R. Scheibling, A. Marsh and J.B. McClintock. 1982. Effect of temperature and salinity on larval development of sibling species of Echinaster (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) and their hybrids. Biol. Bull. 63, 348-354.
4. Watts, S.A., R. Scheibling, A. Marsh and J.B. McClintock. 1983. Induction of aberrant ray numbers in Echinaster sp. (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) by high salinity. Fla. Sci. 46, 125-128.
5. Dawes, C., C.P. Chen, J. Jewett-Smith, A Marsh and S.A. Watts. 1984. Effect of phosphate and ammonia levels on photosynthetic and respiratory responses of the red alga Gracilaria verrucosa. Mar. Biol. 78, 325-328.
6. Herrin, D., C. Helling and S.A. Watts. 1985. Relative levels of actin and actin gene sequences in tube feet and pyloric caeca of adult starfish Luidia clathrata (Echinodermata). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 81B, 143-147.
7. Watts, S.A. and J.M. Lawrence. 1985. The effect of feeding and starvation on the level and content of nucleic acids in the pyloric caeca of Luidia clathrata (Say). In B.F. Keegan and B. O'Connor (eds.) Echinodermata, Proceedings of the Fifth International Echinoderm Conference, Galway. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam. 571-576 pp.
8. Marsh, A., S.A. Watts, C. Chen and J.B. McClintock. 1986. The effect of high salinity on development, mortality, and number of Echinaster spinulosus (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) at different developmental stages. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 83A, 229-231.
9. Watts, S.A. and J.M. Lawrence. 1986. Seasonal effects of temperature and salinity on the organismal activity of the sea star Luidia clathrata (Say) (Echinodermata: Asteroidea). Mar. Behav. Physiol. 12, 161-169.
10. Lawrence, J.M., T.S. Klinger, J.B. McClintock, S.A. Watts, C.P. Chen, A.G. Marsh and L. Smith. 1986. Allocation of nutrient resources in the regenerating asteroid Luidia clathrata. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 102, 47-53.
11. Watts, S.A. and J.M. Lawrence. 1987. The effects of 17B-estradiol and esterone on intermediaty metabolism of the pyloric caeca of the asteroid Luidia clathrata (Say) maintained under different nutritional regimes. Devel. Growth Differ. 29, 153-160.
12. Watts, S.A., K. Lee, G. Hines and C.W. Walker. 1987. Determination of polyamines in reproductive and digestive tissues of Asterias vulgaris (Echinodermata: Asteroidea). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 88B, 309-312.
13. Klinger, T.S., S.A. Watts and D. Forcucci. 1988. Effects of short-term feeding and starvation on storage and synthetic capacities of gut tissues of Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck) (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 117, 187-195.
14. Saito, N. and S.A. Watts. 1989. Activities of hexosekinase, phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase in the body wall, pyloric caeca and tube feet of Asterias vulgaris : Evidence of body wall as a major source of glycolytic activity. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 94B, 263-267.
15. McClintock, J.B., T. Hopkins, S.A. Watts and K. Marion. 1990. The biochemical and energetic composition of somatic body components of echinoderms from the northern Gulf of Mexico. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 95A, 529-532.
16. Watts, S.A., J. Roy and C.W. Walker. 1990. Ornithine decarboxylase exhibits negative thermal modulation in the sea star Asterias vulgaris : Potential regulatory role during temperature-dependent testicular growth. Biol. Bull. 179, 159-162.
17. Watts, S.A. and J.M. Lawrence. 1990. The effect of temperature and salinity interactions on righting, feeding and growth in the sea star Luidia clathrata (Say). Mar. Behav. Physiol. 17, 159-165.
18. McClintock, J.B. and S.A. Watts. 1990. The effects of photoperiod on gametogenesis in the tropical sea urchin Eucidaris tribuloides (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 139, 175-184.
19. Watts, S.A., G. Hines, K. Lee, D. Jaffurs, J. Roy, F. Smith and C.W. Walker. 1990. Seasonal patterns of ornithine decarboxylase activity and levels of polyamines in relation to the cytology of germinal cells during spermatogenensis in the sea star Asterias vulagaris. Tissue and Cell. 22, 435-447.
20. Hines, G.A., S.A. Watts, S.A. Sower and C.W. Walker. 1990. Sex steroid extraction from echinoderm tissues. J. Liquid Chromotography, 13, 2489-2498.
21. Watts, S.A. and J.M. Lawrence. 1990. The effect of reproductive state, temperature, and salinity on DNA and RNA levels and activities of metabolic enzymes of the pyloric caeca in the sea star Luidia clathrata (Say). Physiol. Zool. 63, 1196-1215.
22. Hopkins, T.S., J.F. Valentine, J.B. McClintock, K. Marion and S.A. Watts. 1991. Community patterns of echinoderms associated with substrate and depth in the northern Gulf of Mexico. In Proceedings of the Seventh International Echinoderm Conference, Atami, Biology of Echinodermata. T. Yanagisawa, I. Yasumasu, C Oguro, N. Suzuke and T. Motokawa (eds.). A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam.
23. Hopkins, T.S. , J.F. Valentine, J.B. McClintock, K. Marion and S.A. Watts. 1991. Echinoderms associated with a rhodolith community on the Alabama outer continental shelf: Management considerations for a unique environmental setting. In: Proceeedings: Eleventh Annual Gulf of Mexico Information Transfer Meeting, November, 1990. U.S. Dept. of Interior. Minerals Management Service. New Orleans, LA. MMS Contract No. 14-35-0001-30499. pp. 443-448
24. McClintock, J.B., T.S. Hopkins, S.A. Watts, K. Marion and G. Schinner. 1991. Variation in reproductive patterns in echinoderms from the northern Gulf of Mexico. In: Proceeedings: Eleventh Annual Gulf of Mexico Information Transfer Meeting, November, 1990. U.S. Dept. of Interior. Minerals Management Service. New Orleans, LA. MMS Contract No. 14-35-0001-30499. pp. 448-452
25. Hopkins, T.S., Cornett, M.W., McClintock, J.B., K. Marion and S.A. Watts. 1991. Secondary production: Differential arm loss in two sympatric species of sand stars. In: Proceeedings: Eleventh Annual Gulf of Mexico Information Transfer Meeting, November, 1990. U.S. Dept. of Interior. Minerals Management Service. New Orleans, LA. MMS Contract No. 14-35-0001-30499. pp. 452-456
26. Hines, G.A., J.B. McClintock and S.A. Watts. 1992. Levels of estradiol and progesterone in male and female Eucidaris tribuloides (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) over an annual gametogenic cycle. Florida Scientist 55, 85-91.
27. Massey, C.B. and S.A. Watts. 1992. Patterns of sperm-specific hisone variation in sea stars and sea urchins: Primary structural homologies in the N-terminal region of spermatogenic H1. J. Exp. Zool. 262, 9-15.
28. Hines, G., S.A. Watts, P. Voogt and C.W. Walker. 1992. Androgen metabolism in somatic and germinal tissues of the sea star Asterias vulgaris. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 102B, 521-526.
29. Hines, G.A., S.A. Watts, S. Sower and C.W. Walker. 1992. Sex steroids in the testes, ovaries and pyloric caeca during the annual reproductive cylce of the sea star Asterias vulgaris. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 87, 451-460.
30. Bishop, C.D. and S.A. Watts. 1992. A biochemical and morphometric study of growth in the stomach and intestine of the echinoid Lytechinus variegatus (Echinodermata). Marine Biology 114, 459-467.
31. Massey, C.B. and S.A. Watts. 1993. Modified forms of histones H3 and H4 exhibit seasonal patterns in testes of the sea star Asterias vulgaris.. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 104B, 181-186.
32. McClintock, J.B., T.S. Hopkins, K. Marion, S.A. Watts and G. Schinner. 1993. Population structure, growth and reproductive biology of the gorgonocephalid brittlestar Asteroporpa annulata . Bulletin of Marine Science. 52, 925-936.
33. Vernon, J.D., J.B. McClintock, T.S. Hopkins, S.A. Watts and K.R. Marion. 1993. Reproduction of Clypeaster ravenelii (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Invert. Reprod. Devel. 24, 71-78.
34. Bishop, C.D. and S.A. Watts. 1994. Two-stage recovery of gametogenic activity following starvation in Lytechinus variegatus Lamarck (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). J. exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 177, 27-36.
35. Walker, C.W., G.A. Hines and S.A. Watts. 1994. Mitogen-activated protooncogene expression during spermatogonial G1-S phase traverse in the sea star. In: Perspectives in Comparative Endocrinology, K.G. Davey, R.E. Peter and S.S. Tobe (eds.). National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa. pp. 636-644.
36. Lee, K.J. and S.A. Watts. 1994. The effect of salinity on the activity of Na,K-ATPase during chronic exposure and acute hypo- and hyperosmotic stress in brine shrimp Artemia franciscana nauplii. Physiol. Zool. 67, 910-924.
37. Watts, S.A., K. Lee and G.B. Cline. 1994. Elevated ornithine decarboxylase activity and polyamine levels during early development in the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana. J. Exp. Zool. 270, 426-431.
38. Bishop, C.D., K.J. Lee and S.A. Watts. 1994. A comparison of osmolality and specific ion concentrations in the regular sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus Lamarck (Echinodermata: Echinoidea)in varying salinities. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 108A, 497-502.
39. Watts, S.A., G.A. Hines, C. Byrum, J.B. McClintock, K.R. Marion and T.S. Hopkins. 1994. Tissue- and species-specific variations in androgen metabolism. In: "Echinoderms through Time". Proceedings of the Eighth International Echinoderm Conference, Dijon, France. Bruno David, Alain Guille, Jean-Pierre Féral and Michel Roux, eds. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam. pp. 155-161.
40. G.A. Hines, S.A. Watts and J.B. McClintock. 1994. Biosynthesis of estrone and estradiol derivatives in the echinoid Lytechinus variegatus Lamarck. In: "Echinoderms through Time". Proceedings of the Eighth International Echinoderm Conference, Dijon, France. Bruno David, Alain Guille, Jean-Pierre Féral and Michel Roux, eds. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam. pp. 711-716.
41. McClintock, J.B., J.D. Vernon, S.A. Watts, K.R. Marion and T.S. Hopkins. 1994. Size frequency, recruitment and adult growth in the sea biscuit Clypeaster ravenelii in the northern Gulf of Mexico. In: "Echinoderms through Time". Proceedings of the Eighth International Echinoderm Conference, Dijon, France. Bruno David, Alain Guille, Jean-Pierre Féral and Michel Roux, eds. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam. pp. 777-781.
42. T.S. Hopkins, Watts, S.A., J.B. McClintock and K.R. Marion. 1994. Contrasting size demographics and arm regeneration in two populations of Asteropecten articulatus. (Say) in the northern Gulf of Mexico. In: "Echinoderms through Time". Proceedings of the Eighth International Echinoderm Conference, Dijon, France. Bruno David, Alain Guille, Jean-Pierre Féral and Michel Roux, eds. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam. pp. 311-316.
43. Bryan, P.J., J.B. McClintock, S.A. Watts, K. Marion and T.S. Hopkins. 1994. Antimicrobial activity of ethanolic body-wall extracts of echinoderms from the northern Gulf of Mexico. In: "Echinoderms through Time". Proceedings of the Eighth International Echinoderm Conference, Dijon, France. Bruno David, Alain Guille, Jean-Pierre Féral and Michel Roux, eds. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam. pp. 17-23.
44. McClintock, J.B., S.A. Watts, K.R. Marion and T.S. Hopkins. 1995. Gonadal cycle, gametogenesis and energy allocation in two sympatric mid-shelf sea stars with contrasting modes of reproduction. Bull. Mar. Sci. 57, 442-452.
45. Meade, M.E., J.E. Doeller, D.W. Kraus and S.A. Watts. 1994. Heat and oxygen flux as a function of environmental PO2 in juvenile Australian crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus. J. exp. Zool. 270, 460-466.
46. Lovett, D.L. and S.A. Watts. 1995. Changes in polyamine levels in response to acclimation salinity in gills of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus Rathbun. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 110B, 115-119.
47. Hines, G.A. and S.A. Watts. 1995. Non-steroidal chemical sex manipulation of Tilapia. J. World Aquaculture. 26, 98-102.
48. Lee, K.J., T.S. Elton, A.K. Bej, S.A. Watts and R.D. Watson. 1995. Molecular cloning of a cDNA encoding putative molt-inhibiting hormone from the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus.. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 209, 1126-1131.
49. Powell, M.L., M.E. Meade and S.A. Watts. 1995. Identification of six commercially-cultured crayfish species using total protein separation by isoelecric focusing. J. Crustacean Biol. 15, 763-770.
50. Lee, K.J. and S.A. Watts. 1995. The effects of varying salinities on polyamine levels and their relation to Na+K+ATPase during early development in the brine shrimp Artemia fransiscana. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 66, 148-163.
51. Meade, M.E. and S.A. Watts. 1995. Weight gain and survival of juvenile Australian crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus, fed formulated feeds. J. World Aquaculture 26, 469-474.
52. Meade, M. E. and S.A. Watts. 1995. Toxicity of ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate to juvenile Australian crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus. J. Shellfish Res. 14, 341-346.
53. Watts, S.A., K.M. Wasson and G.A. Hines. 1995. A sexual paradox: Androgen and estrogen synthesis in the tilapia kidney. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on the Reproductive Physiology of Fish, The University of Texas at Austin, July 1995. The University of Texas at Austin Press, pp. 277.
54. Hines, G.A., K.M. Wasson and S.A. Watts. 1995. Testicular steroidogenesis in relation to social interactions in the Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on the Reproductive Physiology of Fish, The University of Texas at Austin, July 1995. The University of Texas at Austin Press, pp. 232.
55. Bishop, C.D., R.Angus and S.A. Watts. 1995. The use of feather meal as a replacement for fish meal in the diet of Oreochromis niloticus fry. Bioresource Technology 54, 291-295.
56. Watts, S.A., E.W. Yeh and R. Henry. 1996. Hypoosmotic stimulation of ornithine decarboxylase activity in the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana. J. exp. Zool. 274, 15-22.
57. Hines G.A., P.J. Bryan, K.M. Wasson, J.B. McClintock and S.A. Watts. 1996. Sex steroid metabolism in the antarctic pteropod Clione antarctica . Invertebrate Biology. 115, 113-119.
58. Stuck, K., S.A. Watts and S.Y. Wang. 1996. Biochemical responses during starvation and subsequent recovery in postlarvae of the pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei. Marine Biology 125, 33-46.
59. Slattery, M., G.A. Hines and S.A. Watts. 1997. Steroid metabolism in Antartic soft corals. Polar Biology 18, 76-82.
60. Klinger, T.S., J.B. McClintock and S.A. Watts. 1997. Activities of digestive enzymes of polar and subtropical echinoderms. Polar Biology 18, 154-157.
61. Meade, M.E. and S.A. Watts. 1997. Patterns of growth in juvenile Australian crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus, during nutrient deprivation and recovery. In: Freshwater Crayfish 11: A Journal of Astacology. Walter T. Momot, ed., LSU Graphic Services, pp. 403-416.
62. Powell, M.L., D.W. Kraus and S.A. Watts. 1997. Oxygen consumption in juvenile Procambarus clarkii and Procambarus zonangulus. In: Freshwater Crayfish 11: A Journal of Astacology. Walter T. Momot, ed., LSU Graphic Services, pp. 243-247.
63. Kreider, J.L. and S.A. Watts. 1998. Behavioral (feeding) responses of the crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, to natural dietary items and common components of formulated crustacean feeds. J. Chem. Ecol. 24 (1), 91-111.
64. Powell, M.L., K. Stuck and S.A. Watts. 1997. Differentiation of postlarvae of Penaeus aztecus and Peneaus duorarum from the Gulf of Mexico using isoelectric focusing. Gulf of Mexico Science. 15(1), 40-45.
65. Marion, K., S.A. Watts, J.B. McClintock, G. Schinner and T.S. Hopkins. 1998. Reproductive biology of the asteroid Astropecten articulatus. In: Echinoderms: San Francisco. Proceedings of the Ninth International Echinoderm Conference. Rich Mooi and Malcolm Telford, eds. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam pp. 279-284.
66. Wasson, K.M. and S.A. Watts. 1998. Proscar® (Finasteride) inhibits 5α-reductase in the ovaries and testes of Lytechinus variegatus. Lamarck (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) Comparative Physiology Biochemistry C 120, 425-431.
67. Wasson, K.M., G.A. Hines and S.A. Watts. 1998. Synthesis of testosterone and 5α -androstanediols during nutritionally stimulated gonadal growth in Lytechinus variegatus in response to feeding. General and Comparative Endocrinology 111, 197-206
68. Powell, M.L., H. Hammer and S.A. Watts. 1998. Observations of claw loss in two crayfish ponds. J. World Aquaculture 29(4), 485-490.
69. Hines, G.A., L.R. Boots, T. Wibbels and S.A. Watts. 1999. Steroid levels and steroid metabolism in relation to early gonadal development in the tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Teleostei: Cyprinoidei). Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 114, 235-248.
70. Watts, S.A., S.A. Boettger, J.B. McClintock and J.M. Lawrence. 1998. Gonad production in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus fed prepared diets. J. Shellfish Res. 17(5), 1591-1595.
71. Rowell, C.B., G.C. Mair, G.A. Hines, T. Wibbels and S.A. Watts. 2000. Characterization of androstenedione and 17β-estradiol metabolism during the proposed critical period of sex differentiation in the tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium of the Reproductive Physiology of Fish. B. Norberg, O.S. Kjesbu, G.L. Taranger, E. Andersson and S.O. Stefansson (eds.). Bergen Press, Norway. pp. 264
72. Wasson, K., B. Gower and S.A. Watts. 2000. Response of the ovaries and testis of Lytechinus variegatus Lamarck (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) to dietary administration of progesterone, testosterone and estradiol. Marine Biology 137 (2), 245-255.
73. Wasson, K.M., B. Gower, G.A. Hines and S.A.Watts. 2000. Levels of progesterone, testosterone and estradiol, and androstendione metabolism in the gonads of Lytechinus variegatus Lamarck (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 126 (2), 153-165.
74. Hammer, H.S., C.D. Bishop and S.A. Watts. 2000. Activities of three digestive enzymes during development in the crayfish Procambarus clarkii Girard (Crustacea: Decapoda). J. Crustacean Biol. 20(4), 614-620.
75. Meade, M.E. and S.A. Watts. 2000. Physiological compensation in unilateral ablated crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus. J. exp. Zool., 289(3), 184-189.
76. Wasson, K.M. and S.A. Watts. 2000. Progesterone metabolism in the ovaries and testes of the echinoid Lytechinus variegatus Lamarck (Echinodermata). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C. 127(3), 263-72.
77. Henry, R.P. and S.A. Watts. 2001. Early carbonic anhydrase induction in the gills of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, during low salinity acclimation is independent of ornithine decarboxylase activity. J. exp. Zool. 289, 350-358.
78. Lawrence, J.M., A.L. Lawrence, S.C. McBride, S.B. George, S.A. Watts, and L.R. Plank. 2001. Developments in the use of prepared feeds in sea-urchin aquaculture. World Aquaculture. 32 (3), 34-39.
79. Lawrence, J.M. and S.A. Watts. 2001. Papers on sea urchin fisheries and aquaculture at the NAEC 2001: A perspective. Gulf of Mexico Science 19(2), 168-169.
80. Rowell, C.B., S.A. Watts, T. Wibbels, G.A. Hines and G.C. Mair. 2002. Androgen and Estrogen Metabolism During Sex Differentiation in Mono-sex populations of the Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. General and Comparative Endocrinology 125, 151-162.
81. Boettger, S.A., L.E. Thompson, S.A. Watts, J.B. McClintock and J.M. Lawrence. 2002. Episodic rainfall influences the distribution and abundance of the regular sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus in St. Andrew Bay, Northern Gulf of Mexico. Gulf of Mexico Science 2002(1), 67-74.
82. Hofer, S.C. and S.A. Watts. 2002. Cold tolerance in genetically male tilapia (GMT®), Oreochromis niloticus. World Aquaculture 33(2), 19-21.
83. Meade, M.E., J.E. Doeller, D.W. Kraus and S.A. Watts. 2002. Effects of temperature and salinity on weight gain, oxygen consumption rate, and growth efficiency in juvenile redclaw crayfish Cherax quadircarinatus. J. World Aquaculture 33(2), 188-198.
84. Hammer, H.S., C.D. Bishop and S.A. Watts. 2003. The characterization of three digestive enzymes from the crayfish Procambarus clarkii. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 74(1), 47-59.
85. Bishop, C.D. and S.A. Watts. 2004. Combined live/formulated diet enhances weight gain at first feed in larval nile tilapia. Global Aquaculture Advocate 7 (2), 84-85.
86. Hammer, B., H. Hammer, S.A. Watts, J.M. Lawrence and A.L. Lawrence. 2004. The effects of dietary protein concentration on feeding and growth of small Lytechinus variegatus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Mar. Biol. 145, 1143-1157.
87. Gibbs, V.K. and S.A. Watts. 2004. Exposure temperature affects nutrient absorption in Lytechinus variegatus. In: Echinoderms: Munchen, Thomas Heinzeller and James H. Nebelsick (eds.) A.A. Balkema Publishers, The Netherlands. Pp. 187-192.
88. Croll, S.L. and S.A. Watts. 2004. The effect of temperature on feed consumption and nutrient absorption in Procambarus clarkii and Procambarus zonangulus. J. World Aquaculture. 35(4), 478-488.
89. Powell, M.L. and S.A. Watts. 2005. Activities of intermediary metabolic enzymes in the hepatopancreas and tail muscle tissues of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii and Procambarus zonangulus, (Decapoda, Crustacea). J. World Aquaculture. 36(4): 554-559.
90. Jones, W.J., M.L. Powell and S.A. Watts. 2005. Aquaponics in education: a new approach. Hatchery International. Issue 1966, Vol. 6(6), 30-31.
91. Gibbs, K., Watts, S., Abbott, G. and L. Bienvenue. 2005. Use of inquiry with computer models and visualization in an urban 8th grade science class. In C. Crawford eet al. (Eds.), Proceedings of Society for Intermation Technology and Teacher Education International Conference 2005. pp. 3671-3676.
92. Hammer, H.S., S.A.Watts, R. Desmond, A.L. Lawrence and J.M. Lawrence. 2006. The effect of dietary protein concentration on the consumption, survival, growth and production of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. Aquaculture 254, 483-495.
93. Powell, M.L. and S.A. Watts. 2006. The effect of temperature acclimation on metabolism and hemocyanin binding affinities in two Procambarid crayfish, Procambarus clarkii and Procambarus zonangulus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 144(2), 211-217.
94. Hammer, H.S., B. Hammer, S.A. Watts, A.L. Lawrence and J.M. Lawrence. 2006. The effect of dietary protein and carbohydrate concentration on the biochemical composition and gametogenic condition of the sea urchin, Lytechinus variegatus. J. exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 334, 109-121.
95. Gibbs, V.K., S.A. Watts and A.L. Lawrence. 2007. The effect of temperature on gamete production and biochemical composition of gonads in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus fed a formulated diet. Gulf of Mexico Science 25, 119-130.
96. Watts, S.A., M. L. Powell, A. L. Lawrence, J. M. Lawrence. 2007. Sea Urchin Culture -- Emerging Species Yields Roe; Supports Medical Modeling, Environmental Testing. Global Aquaculture Advocate. Jan/Feb. pp. 22-24.
97. Jennings, N.A., L. Pezzementi, A.L. Lawrence and S.A. Watts. 2008. Acetylcholinesterase in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus: characterization and developmental expression in larvae. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B 149, 401-409.
98. Powell, M.L., S.A. Watts and A.L. Lawrence. 2008. Researchers overcoming learning curve for production of sea urchin seedstock. Global Aquaculture Advocate Sept-Oct 103-104.
99. Taylor, A.M, M.L. Powell, S.A. Watts and A.L. Lawrence. 2009. Formulated feed supports weight gain and survivorship in juvenile sea urchins, Lytechinus variegatus. J. World Aqua. Soc. 40(6), 780-787.
100. Lawrence, J.M., Xueben Cao, Yaqing Chang, Ping Wang, Y. Yu, A.L. Lawrence and S.A. Watts. 2009. Temperature effect on feed consumption, absorption, and assimilation efficiencies and production of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius. J. Shellfish Research 28(2), 389-395.
101. Siccardi, A.J., H.W. Garris, W.T. Jones, D.B. Moseley, L.R. D’Abramo and S.A. Watts. 2009. Growth and survival of zebrafish (Danio rerio) fed different commercial and laboratory diets. Zebrafish 6(3), 275-280.
102. Gibbs, V.K., S.A. Watts, A.L. Lawrence and J.M. Lawrence. 2009. Dietary phospholipids affect growth and production by the juvenile sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. Aquaculture 292, 95-103.
103. Jones, W.J., M.L. Powell, V.K. Gibbs, H.S. Hammer, S.A. Watts, A.L. Lawrence and J.M. Lawrence. 2010. Evaluation of the effect of dietary zinc, iron, and manganese supplementation on growth and survival of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. In Harris, L.G, S.A. Boettger, C.W. Walker and M.P. Lesser (eds.) Proceedings of the 12th International Echinoderm Conference, Durham, New Hampshire. CRC Press/Balkema. pp. 385-390.
104. Hammer, H.S., M.L. Powell, V.K. Gibbs, W.T. Jones, S.A. Watts, A.L. Lawrence, J.M. Lawrence, and L.R. D’Abramo. 2010. Effect of dietary menhaden oil and soy oil on consumption, somatic growth and gonad production of the sea urchin, Lytechinus variegatus. In Harris, L.G, S.A. Boettger, C.W. Walker and M.P. Lesser (eds.) Proceedings of the 12th International Echinoderm Conference, Durham, New Hampshire. CRC Press/Balkema. pp. 377-383.
105. Cunningham, A.W. and S.A. Watts. 2010. The effect of temperature on early embryonic development in Lytechinus variegatus embryos from adults with different thermal histories. In Harris, L.G, S.A. Boettger, C.W. Walker and M.P. Lesser (eds.) Proceedings of the 12th International Echinoderm Conference, Durham, New Hampshire. CRC Press/Balkema. pp. 451-455.
106. Gibbs, V.K., M.L. Powell, H.S. Hammer, W.T. Jones, S.A. Watts, A.L. Lawrence and J.M. Lawrence. 2010. Effects of dietary phospholipids and cholesterol on growth and organ production in the sea urchin, Lytechinus variegatus. In Harris, L.G, S.A. Boettger, C.W. Walker and M.P. Lesser (eds.) Proceedings of the 12th International Echinoderm Conference, Durham, New Hampshire. CRC Press/Balkema. pp. 369-375.
107. Powell, M.L., W.T. Jones, V.K. Gibbs, H.S. Hammer, S.A. Watts, J.M. Lawrence and A.L. Lawrence. 2010. Effect of dietary calcium, magnesium and phosphorus on growth of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. In Harris, L.G, S.A. Boettger, C.W. Walker and M.P. Lesser (eds.) Proceedings of the 12th International Echinoderm Conference, Durham, New Hampshire. CRC Press/Balkema. pp. 391-396.
108. Watts, S.A., J.M. Lawrence, and A.L. Lawrence. 2010. Approaches to the study of sea urchin nutrition. In Harris, L.G, S.A. Boettger, C.W. Walker and M.P. Lesser (eds.) Proceedings of the 12th International Echinoderm Conference, Durham, New Hampshire. CRC Press/Balkema. pp. 331-345.
109. Watts, S.A., S.C. Hofer, Renee A. Desmond, A.L. Lawrence and J.M. Lawrence. (in press). The effect of temperature on feeding and growth characteristics of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus fed a formulated diet. J. exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol.
110. Nelson, R.W., M. Nipper, A.L. Lawrence and S.A. Watts. 2010. Effect of embryological development response to toxicants with the sea urchin Arbacia punctulata. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 84, 71-75.
111. Powell, M.L. and S.A. Watts. 2010. Response to long-term nutrient deprivation and recovery in the crayfish Procambarus clarkii and Procambarus zonangulus (Crustacea, Decapoda): Component and Proximate Analyses. J. World Aqua. 41(1), 71-80.
112. Powell, M.L. and S.A. Watts. 2010. Response to long-term nutrient deprivation and recovery in the crayfish Procambarus clarkii and Procambarus zonangulus (Crustacea, Decapoda): Oxygen consumption and metabolic enzymes. J. World Aqua. 41(1), 81-91.
113. Watts, R.J., S.A. Watts, H.S. Hammer, M.S. Johnson and T.R. Nagy. (in press). Validation of dual-energy X-ray absorptometry (DXA) to predict body composition of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. J. World Aqua. Soc.
114. Jones, W.T, M.L. Powell, V.K. Gibbs, H.S. Hammer, J.M. Lawrence, J. Fox, A.L. Lawrence and S.A. Watts. (2010). The effect of dietary selenium on weight gain and gonad production in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. J. World Aqua. Soc. 41(5): 675-686.
115. Lawrence, J.M., Y. Chang, Y., X. Cao, A.L. Lawrence and S.A. Watts. (in press). Potential for uni production by Strongylocentrotus intermedius using dry formulated feeds. J. World Aqua. Soc.
116. Siccardi, A.J. III, S. Padgett-Vasquez, H.W. Garris, Tim R. Nagy, L.R. D’Abramo and S.A. Watts. In press. Dietary strontium increases bone mineral density in intact zebrafish (Danio rerio): A potential model for bone research. Zebrafish
117. Gibbs, V.K., K.A. Brown, M.L. Powell and S.A. Watts. In press. Opportunistic predation of the sea urchin, Lytechinus variegatus, by the amphipod, Elasmopus levis in an intensive inland culture system. J. World Aquaculture Soc.
118. Powell, M.L., W.T. Jones, V.K. Gibbs, H.S. Hammer, J.M. Lawrence, J. Fox, A.L. Lawrence and S.A. Watts. In press. Dietary copper affects survival, growth, and reproduction in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. J. Shellfish Res.
Book Chapters
Abstracts of Papers Presented at National and International Meetings:
Over two hundred eighty abstracts have been published from research presentations at various regional, national and international scientific conferences since 1981. Additional presentations (not listed) have been made to various high schools and civic organizations.
Patents: Several trade secret applications have been submitted and are currently being disclosed concerning animal feed development.
Entrepreneurial Activities
President and CEO - Aquatic Agriculture, Inc. Consulting, S-Corporation, incorporated 2001. AquaAg was incorporated in 2001 as a S-Corporation. The company serves to consult industries in aquatic food production (aquaculture and hydroponics). Clients include private industries and correctional facilities. Abstracts of Published and Non-Published Presentations
1. Watts, S.A. and J.M. Lawrence. 1981. Specific activity of glycogen phosphorylase, fructose bisphosphatase, fructose diphosphate aldolase, and triosephosphate isomerase in the pyloric caeca of Echinaster sp. (Echinodermata: Asteroidea). Fla. Sci. 44 (Suppl.), 13.
2. Watts, S.A., R. Scheibling, A. Marsh and J.B. McClintock. 1981. Effect of temperature and salinity on larval development of two Echinaster (Echinodermata) morphs and their hybrids. Am. Zool. 21, 988.
3. Watts, S.A., R. Scheibling, A. Marsh and J.B. McClintock. 1982. High salinity induction of ray abnormalities in the starfish Echinaster (Echinodermata). Fla. Sci. 45 (Suppl.), 21.
4. Watts, S.A. and J.M. Lawrence. 1982. Enzymatic response to low temperature in the sea star Echinaster sp. In Echinoderms, Proceedings of the International Conference, Tampa Bay (J.M. Lawrence, ed.) A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, p. 419.
5. Marsh, A., S.A. Watts, C. Chen and J.B. McClintock. 1982. High salinity induction of aberrancies in ray number during the development of Echinaster spinulosus (Echinodermata: Asteroidea). Am. Zool. 22, 966.
6. Watts, S.A. 1983. Seasonal changes in activity of Luidia clathrata. Fla. Sci. 46 (Suppl.), 22.
7. Watts, S.A., L. Weakland and J.M. Lawrence. 1984. The effect of temperature on the activity and kinetics of pyruvate kinase in the pyloric caeca of Luidia clathrata (Say). Fla. Sci. 47 (Suppl.), 16.
8. Watts, S.A., T. Arja and J.M. Lawrence. 1984. The effect of 17B-estradiol and feeding level on growth of the pyloric caeca in Luidia clathrata (Echinodermata: Asteroidea). Am. Zool. 24, 93A.
9. Watts, S.A. and J.M. Lawrence. 1985. The effect of feeding and starvation on the level and content of nucleic acids in the pyloric caeca of Luidia clathrata (Say). In Echinodermata, Proceedings of the Fifth International Echinoderm Conference, Galway (B. Keegan and B. O'Conner, eds.). A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, p. 571.
10. Klinger, T.S., S.A. Watts and D. Forcucci. 1985. The effects of feeding and starvation on the level and content of nucleic acids in the gut tissues of Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck) (Echinodermata: Asteroidea). Amer. Zool. 25, 127A.
11. Lawrence, J., T. Klinger, J. McClintock, S.A. Watts, C. Chen, A. Marsh and L. Smith. 1985. Allocation of nutrient resources in the regenerating asteroid Luidia clathrata. Am. Zool. 25, 127A.
12. Lawrence, J., P. Dehn and S.A. Watts. 1986. Annual cycles of the gonads and pyloric caeca of Luidia clathrata (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) in Tampa Bay (1971-1985). Fla. Sci 49 (Suppl.), 14.
13. Watts, S.A. and J.M. Lawrence. 1986. Seasonal changes in the activities of metabolic enzymes in the pyloric caeca of Luidia clathrata (Echinodermata) Amer. Zool. 26, 4A.
14. Watts, S.A. and C.W. Walker. 1987. Changes in ornithine decarboxylase and polyamines during spermatogenesis in the sea star Asterias vulgaris. Sixth International Echinoderm Conference, Victoria, B.C., A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam.
15. Watts, S.A., K. Lee, G. Hines, J. Roy, D. Jaffurs and C.W. Walker. 1987. Ornithine decarboxylase and polyamines during spermatogenesis in the sea star Asterias vulgaris. Amer. Zool. 27, 135A.
16. Hines, G.A. and S.A. Watts. 1988. Androgen metabolism in the testes of the sea star Asterias vulgaris. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 59, 103.
17. Watts, S.A. 1988. Thermal modulation of growth in the starfish: Polyamines and ornithine decarboxylase. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 59, 115.
18. Watts, S.A. and C.W. Walker. 1988. Thermal modulation of testicular growth in the sea star: Potential regulatory role of polyamines. Second International Congress, Comp. Physiol. Biochem., Baton Rouge.
19. Hines, G., S.A. Watts, C.W. Walker and P.A. Voogt. 1989. Steroid metabolism in somatic and gametic tissues of the sea star Asterias vulgaris. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 60, 126
20. Watts, S.A. and G.B. Cline. 1989. Induction of ornithine decarboxylase and polyamine synthesis in embryos of the brine shrimp Artemia sp. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 60, 113.
21. Lee, K.J., S.A. Watts and J.B. McClintock. 1989. Distributions of the polyamines putrescine, spermidine and spermine in invertebrate tissues. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 60, 123.
22. Massey, C.B. and S.A. Watts. 1989. Preliminary characterization of histone proteins in the sea star Asterias vulgaris. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 60, 119.
23. Saito, N. and S.A. Watts. 1989. Distribution of glycolytic enzymes in the sea star Asterias vulgaris. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 60, 123.
24. Watts, S.A. and G.B. Cline. 1989. Ornithine decarboxylase and polyamine synthesis in embryos of the brine shrimp Artemia. Am. Zool. 29, 72A.
25. Hines, G., S.A. Watts, C.W. Walker and P.A. Voogt. 1989. Steroid metabolism in somatic and gametic tissues of the sea star Asterias vulgaris. Am. Zool. 29, 95A.
26. Watts, S.A. and F. White. 1990. Hypoosmotic induction of ornithine decarboxylase activity in the brine shrimp Artemia. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 61, 135.
27. Hines, G.A., S.A. Watts, S.A. Sower and C.W. Walker. 1990. Sex steroids may regulate reproduction in the sea star Asterias vulgaris. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 61, 125.
28. Massey, C.B. and S.A. Watts. 1990. A comparison of somatic and testicular histone proteins from the sea star Asterias vulgaris. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 61, 140.
29. Hecker, S., C.B. Massey and S.A. Watts. 1990. Acetylation of histones in the testes of the sea star Asterias vulgaris. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 61, 133.
30. McClintock, J.B. and S.A. Watts. 1990. A preliminary study of the effect of photoperiod on gametogenesis in the tropical sea urchin Eucidaris tribuloides. Northeast Gulf Science. 11, 82.
31. T.S. Hopkins, J.B. McClintock, K.R. Marion, J.F. Valentine and S. A. Watts. 1990. Preliminary notes on depth distribution, substrate type, and reproductive mode of offshore echinoderms from the Northern Gulf of Mexico. Northeast Gulf Science.
32. Hines, G.A., S.A. Watts, C.W. Walker and P.A. Voogt. 1990. Androgen metabolism in somatic and gametic tissues of the sea star Asterias vulgaris. Northeast Gulf Science. 11, 79.
33. Saito, N. and S.A. Watts. 1990. Activities of hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase in the body wall, pyloric caeca and tube feet of Asterias vulgaris: Evidence of body wall as a major source of glycolytic activity. Northeast Gulf Science. 11, 92.
34. Massey, C.B. and S.A. Watts. 1990. Preliminary electrophoretic characterization of histone proteins isolated from the pyloric caeca and testes of the sea star Asterias vulgaris. Northeast Gulf Science. 11, 80.
35. Watts, S.A. and J.D. Curtis. 1990. Mechanisms controlling intestinal growth in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. Northeast Gulf Science. 11, 81.
36. Watts, S.A. 1990. Hypoosmotic induction of ornithine decarboxylase activity in the brine shrimp Artemia. Am. Zool. 30, 65A.
37. Lee, K.J. and S.A. Watts. 1990. Potential modulation of Na,K-ATPase by amines in the brine shrimp Artemia. Am. Zool. 30, 63A.
38. Hines. G.A., Watts, S.A. Sower and C.W. Walker. 1990. Sex-steroid levels in the testes, ovaries and pyloric caeca during the annual reproductive cycle of the sea star Asterias vulgaris. Am. Zool. 30, 13A.
39. Hopkins, T.S., J.F. Valentine, J.B. McClintock, K. Marion and S.A. Watts. 1991. Community patterns of echinoderms associated with substrate and depth in the northern Gulf of Mexico. In: Proceedings of the Seventh International Echinoderm Conference, Atami, Japan. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam.
40. Hopkins, T.S., J.B. McClintock, S.A. Watts and K. Marion. 1991. Variation in reproductive patterns of echinoderms from the northern Gulf of Mexico. In: Proceedings of the Seventh International Echinoderm Conference, Atami, Japan. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam.
41. Hopkins, T.S., McClintock, J.B., K. Marion and S.A. Watts. 1991. Differential arm loss in two sympatric species of sand stars. In: Proceedings of the Seventh International Echinoderm Conference, Atami, Japan. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam.
42. Hopkins, T.S., J.F. Valentine, J.B. McClintock, K. Marion and S.A. Watts. 1990. Echinoderms associated with a rhodolith community on the Alabama OCS: Management considerations for a unique environmental setting. Eleventh Annual Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region Information Transfer Meeting, New Orleans, Lousiana.
43. McClintock, J.B., T.S. Hopkins, S.A. Watts, K. Marion and G. Schinner. 1990. Variation in reproductive patterns in echinoderms the northern Gulf of Mexico. Eleventh Annual Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region Information Transfer Meeting, New Orleans, Lousiana.
44. Hopkins, T.S., M.W. Cornett, J.B. McClintock, K. Marion and S.A. Watts. 1990. Secondary production: Differential arm loss in two sympatric species of sand stars. Eleventh Annual Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region Information Transfer Meeting, New Orleans, Lousiana.
45. Schinner, G., J.B. McClintock, T.S. Hopkins, S.A. Watts and K. Marion. 1991. Aspects of reproduction in selected echinoderms from the northern Gulf of Mexico. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 62, 63.
46. Hines, G.A., J.B. McClintock and S.A. Watts. 1991. Estradiol and progesterone in the gonads of the tropical sea urchin Eucidaris tribuloides. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 62, 68.
47. Bishop, C.D. and S.A. Watts. 1991. A biochemical and histochemical study of nutrient storage energetics and growth in the gut of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 62, 62.
48. Lee, K.J. and S.A. Watts. 1991. The effect of salinity on Na,K-ATPase in the brine shrimp Artemia: Potential regulatory role of polyamines. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 62, 68.
49. Watts, S.A., E. Yeh, R. Henry and C. Sundermann. 1991. Inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase in brine shrimp: Implications during osmotic stress. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 62, 74.
50. McClintock, J.B., S.A. Watts, K.R. Marion and T.S. Hopkins. 1991. Reproductive patterns of echinoderms from the northern Gulf of Mexico. ASB Bulletin. 38(2), 90.
51. Meade, M.E., G.B. Cline, S.A. Watts and D.B. Rouse. 1991. A comparison of the australian red claw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus, to several native American crayfish species using IEF protein and isozyme fingerprints. Twenty-Fifth Isozyme Conference, St. Thomas, USVI.
52. Powell, M., G.B. Cline, S.A. Watts and D.B. Rouse. 1991. A comparison of the Australian red claw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus, to native American crayfish species using molecular weight fingerprints from gradient gels. Twenty-Fifth Isozyme Conference, St. Thomas, USVI.
53. Watts, S.A., E. Yeh, R. Henry and C. Sundermann. 1991. Ornithine decarboxylase and polyamines during osmotic stress. Am. Zool. 31, 120A
54. Bishop, C.D. and S.A. Watts. 1991. The physiology of growth in the stomach and large intestine of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. Am. Zool. 31, 28A.
55. Lee, K.J. and S.A. Watts. 1991. Developmental changes in Na+K+ATPase in brine shrimp during salinity acclimation. Am. Zool. 31, 120A.
56. Watts, S.A., S.Y. Wang, F.L. Castille and A.L. Lawrence. 1992. Biochemical evaluation of shrimp growth: Polyamine analysis. World Aquaculture Society, Book of Abstracts. pp. 228.
57. Hines, G.A., S.A. Watts and G. Cline. 1992. In vitro androgen metabolism in somatic and gametic tissues of Tilapia aurea. World Aquaculture Society.
58. Meade, M.E., M. Powell, G.B. Cline, S.A. Watts and D.B. Rouse. 1992. A comparison of the Australian red claw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus, to native American crayfish species using IEF and molecular weight protein fingerprints. World Aquaculture Society.
59. McClintock, J.B., T.S. Hopkins, K. Marion, S.A. Watts and G. Schinner. 1992. Population biology and reproduction in the brittlestar Astroporpa annulata. Assoc. Southeast. Biol. Bull. 39(2), 73.
60. McClintock, J.B., K. Marion, S.A. Watts, G. Schinner and T.S. Hopkins,. 1992. Reproduction and ecology of the brittlestar Astroporpa annulata. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 63(2), 60.
61. Bishop, C.D. and S.A. Watts. 1992. A morphometric study of the gut in the echinoid Lytechinus variegatus. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 63(2), 62
62. Lee, K.J. and S.A. Watts. 1992. Na+K+ATPase activity in developing brine shrimp nauplii during osmotic stress. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 63(2), 58
63. Gotvald, J., J. Amato, S.A. Watts and R. Henry. 1992. Hyperosmotic depression of ornithine decarboxylase activity in brine shrimp nauplii. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 63(2), 53.
64. Powell, M., M. Meade, G. Cline, S. Watts and D. Rouse. 1992. Species comparisons of the Australian and American crayfish using molecular weight protein and IEF fingerprints. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 63(2), 50.
65. Watts, S.A. and S.Y. Wang. 1992. Polyamine profiles may reflect growth in shrimp. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 63(2), 54.
66. Hines, G.A. and S.A. Watts. 1992. Differential techniques for analysis of steroid metabolism in teleosts. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 63(2), 57.
67. Powell, C.S., S.A. Watts and R. Henry. 1992. DFMO inhibits ornithine decarboxylase in the brine shrimp Artemia. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 63(2), 57.
68. Meade, M., G. Cline and S.A. Watts. 1992. Biology of the Australian red claw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 63(2), 56.
69. Lovett, D.L., S.A. Watts, R.F. Ott and B.E. Smith. 1992. Effect of acclimation salinity on Na+K+ATPase activity and polyamine concentration in gills of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus. Amer. Zool. 32 (5), 58A.
70. Meade, M.E., J.E. Doeller, D.W. Kraus and S.A. Watts. 1992. Parallel measurements of the rates of heat dissipation and oxygen consunption of hatchling australian crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus. Amer. Zool. 32 (5), 41A.
71. Hines, G.A., S.A. Watts, J.B. McClintock, K.R. Marion and T.S. Hopkins. 1992. A comparison of steroid metabolism in echinoderms of the northern Gulf of Mexico. Amer. Zool. 32 (5), 23A.
72. Hines, G.A. and S.A. Watts. 1992. In vivo analysis of steroid metabolism in the teleost fry, Tilapia niloticus, at different developmental stages. Amer. Zool. 32 (5), 15A.
73. Powell, M.L., M. Meade, S.A. Watts and D.B. Rouse. 1992. A comparison of commercially cultured crayfish using electrophoretic separation of total protein. Amer. Zool. 32 (5), 73A.
74. Wang, S.Y, and S.A. Watts. 1992. Biochemical indicators of growth in shrimp. Amer. Zool. 32 (5), 68A.
75. Bryan. P.J., J.B. McClintock, K. Marion, S.A. Watts and T.S. Hopkins. 1992. Feeding deterrence and chemical defense in echinoderm body wall tissues from the northern Gulf of Mexico. Amer. Zool. 32 (5), 100A.
76. Hines, G.A., S.A. Watts and P.A. Voogt. 1993. Estrogens in echinoderms? J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 64 (2), 75.
77. Bryan. P.J., J.B. McClintock, S.A. Watts, K. Marion, J.J. Gauthier and T.S. Hopkins. 1993. Bioactive properties of echinoderm body wall extracts: feeding deterrence, antifouling and antimicrobial activity. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 64 (2), 87.
78. Meade, M.E. and S.A. Watts. 1993. Optimization of growth in hatchling Australian crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus: a comparison of commercial feeds. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 64 (2), 100.
79. Powell, M.L., M. Meade and S.A. Watts. 1993. Isoelectric focusing of total proteins in commercially cultured crayfish species. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 64 (2), 101.
80. Thomas, D.L., M.E. Meade and S.A. Watts. 1993. Polyculture of the pumonate gastropod Physella cubensis and the Australian crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus in a closed indoor recirculating system. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 64 (2), 94.
81. Hasan, A.S., G.A. Hines and S.A. Watts. 1993. Biosynthesis of sex steroids in the echinoid Lytechinus variegatus Lamarck. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 64 (2), 84.
82. Bishop, C.D. and S.A. Watts. 1993. Recovery of gametogenic activity following nutrient deprivation in the echinoid Lytechinus variegatus Lamarck. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 64 (2), 103.
83. Watts, S.A., G.A. Hines, J.B. McClintock, K. Marion and T.S. Hopkins. 1993. Chemical communication and population structure of echinoderms in marine communities: role of steroids. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 64 (2), 96.
84. Watts, S.A., G.A. Hines, J.B. McClintock, K. Marion and T.S. Hopkins. 1993. Chemical communication of echinoderms in marine communities. Assoc. Southeast. Biol. Bull. 40(2), 89.
85. Watts, S.A., G. Hines, C. Byrum, J. McClintock, K. Marion and T. Hopkins. 1993. 11-oxy androgens in echinoderms? XII Int. Congress Comp. Endocrin., Toronto, A-171.
86. Hines, G.A. and S.A. Watts. 1993. Ontogeny of steroid biosynthesis in Tilapia niloticus fry. XII Int. Congress Comp. Endocrin., Toronto, A-66.
87. Bryan, P.J., J.B. McCLintock, S.A. Watts, K. Marion, J.J. Gauthier and T.S. Hopkins. 1993. Chemical defenses in echinoderms from the northern Gulf of Mexico. Benthic Ecology Meeting, Mobile, AL.
88. Hopkins, T.S., S.A. Watts, J.B. McClintock, G.O. Schinner and K.R. Marion. 1993. Autecological observations of Astropecten articulatus, coastal Alabama, northern Gulf of Mexoco, USA. VIII International Echinoderm Conference, Dijon, France.
89. Watts, S.A., G.A. Hines, C. Byrum, J.B. McClintock, K.R. Marion and T.S. Hopkins. 1993. Complexities of androgen metabolism in echinoderms: syntheses of a veritable plethora of products. VIII International Echinoderm Conference, Dijon, France.
90. Bishop, C.D. and S.A. Watts. 1993. Two-phase recovery of gametogenic activity following starvation in Lytechinus variegatus Lamarck (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). VIII International Echinoderm Conference, Dijon, France.
91. Hines, G.A., S.A. Watts, J.B. McClintock, K. Marion and T.S. Hopkins. 1993. Estrogen biosynthesis and metabolism in somatic and gametic tissues of echinoderms from the northern Gulf of Mexico. VIII International Echinoderm Conference, Dijon, France.
92. Bryan, P.J., J.B. McClintock, S.A. Watts, K. Marion and T.S. Hopkins. 1993. Antimicrobial activity of echinoderm body wall extracts from the northern Gulf of Mexico. VIII International Echinoderm Conference, Dijon, France.
93. G.O. Schinner, J.B. McClintock, S.A. Watts, K. Marion and T.S. Hopkins. 1993. Juvenile-carrying behavior in the deep-water brittlestar Asteroporpa annulata. 28th European Marine Biology Symposium, Crete, Greece.
94. Watts, S.A., G.A. Hines, J.B. McClintock, K.R. Marion and T.S. Hopkins. 1993. 5-reductase activity during androgen synthesis in echinoderm tissues. Amer. Zool. 33, 122A.
95. Byrum, C.A., G.A. Hines, J.B. McClintock and S.A. Watts. 1993. Water-soluble compounds (pheromones?) are produced by echinoderms. Amer. Zool. 33, 70A.
96. Hines, G.A. and S.A. Watts. 1993. Potential endocrine capability of echinoderm coelomocytes. Amer. Zool. 33, 9A.
97. Meade, M.E., J.E. Doeller, D.W. Kraus and S.A. Watts. 1993. The effect of temperature on oxygen consumption rates in the sub-tropical Australian crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus. Amer. Zool. 33, 67A.
98. Bishop, C.D. and S.A. Watts. 1993. Osmolarity and specific ion concentrations in the fluid compartemnts of Lytechinus variegatus in varying salinities. Amer. Zool. 33, 48A.
99. Powell, M.L., K.C. Stuck and S.A. Watts. 1993. Identification of Penaeus duorarum and Penaeus aztecus postlarvae using isoelectric focusing. Amer. Zool. 33, 80A.
100. Klinger, T.S., J.B. McClintock and S.A. Watts. 1993. Chymotrypsin and α- and ß-glucosidase activity of digestive tissues of echinoderms of Antarctica and the Gulf of Mexico. Amer. Zool. 33, 50A.
101. Powell, M.L., M.E. Meade and S.A. Watts. 1994. Identification of Cherax quadricarinatus and several commercially cultured crayfish species using total protein fingerprints. World Aquaculture Society, New Orleans. pp. 197.
102. Stuck, K.C., S.A. Watts and S.Y. Wang. 1994. The effect of BP on biochemical parameters of growth among postlarval Penaeus vannamei: Polyamines as indicators of stress and growth. World Aquaculture Society, New Orleans. pp. 283.
103. Hines, G.A. and S.A. Watts. 1994. Non-steroidal chemical gender reversal in Tilapia. World Aquaculture Society, New Orleans. pp. 176.
104. Meade, M.E. and S.A. Watts. 1994. A comparison of the growth of hatchling Australian crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus, fed various formulated and commercial feeds. World Aquaculture Society, New Orleans. pp. 198.
105. Bishop, C.D. and S.A. Watts. 1994. Use of poultry meals as a protein source in the cultivation of young tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x O. aureus). World Aquaculture Society, New Orleans. pp. 179.
106. Lee, K.J., T.Elton, S.A. Watts, A.K. Bej and R.D. Watson. 1994. Progress in the molecular cloning of a cDNA-encoding molt inhibiting hormone from the blue crab Callinectes sapidus. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 65, 57.
107. Gaschen, B., S.A. Watts and J.B. McClintock. 1994. A comparison of squalamine and polyamine levels in tissues of the dogfish shark Squalus acanthias. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 65, 55.
108. Meade, M.E. and S.A. Watts. 1994. The use of oxygen flux measurements to determine growth efficiences at various temperatures and salinities for hatchlings of the crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 65, 67.
109. Wasson, K., G.A. Hines, J.B. McClintock and S.A. Watts. 1994. Recovery of steroidogenic capacity following starvation in the stomach and gonads of the echinoid Lytechinus variegatus. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 65, 55.
110. Keeton, A., G.A. Hines and S.A. Watts. 1994. Production of novel androgen metabolites in the testis of the teleost, Oreochromis niloticus, exposed to various social environments. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 65, 68.
111. Radding, W., G.A. Hines and S.A. Watts, 1994. A rapid wave of immuno-reactive calmodulin appears following fertilization of sea urchin oocytes. American Association of Cancer Research, in press.
112. Slattery, M., G.A. Hines and S.A. Watts, 1994. Progesterone and androstenedione metabolism in antarctic soft corals. Amer. Zool. 34(5): 21A.
113. Bryan, P.J., G.A. Hines, M. Slattery, K.M. Wasson, J.B. McClintock and S.A. Watts. 1994. Regulation of reproductive behavior in the antarctic pteropod Clione antarctica: production of sex steroids. Amer. Zool. 34(5):103A.
114. Wasson, K.M., G.A. Hines, J.B. McClintock and S.A. Watts. 1994. Sex-specific differences in androstenedione metabolism in gonadal tissues of Lytechinus variegatus in response to feeding. Amer. Zool. 34(5): 80A.
115. Byrum, C., G.A. Hines and S.A. Watts. 1994. Androgen metabolism in the tunicate, Styela plicata. Amer. Zool. 34(5):101A.
116. Meade, M.E. and S.A. Watts. 1994. Growth of single eyestalk ablated hatchling crayfish. Amer. Zool. 34(5):?
117. Meade, M.E. and S.A. Watts. 1995. Growth efficiencies of hatchling Australian crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus, cultured at various temperatures and salinities. World Aquaculture Society, San Diego. pp. 173.
118. Stuck, K.C., S.A. Watts and S.Y. Wang. 1995. A comparison of biochemical condition indices from postlarval Penaeus vannamei under nutritional stress. World Aquaculture Society, San Diego. pp. 219.
119. Powell, M.L., K.C. Stuck and S.A. Watts. 1995. Seasonal comparison of protein banding patterns in Penaeus duorarum (pink shrimp) and P. aztecus (brown shrimp) from the Gulf of Mexico. World Aquaculture Society, San Diego. pp. 190.
120. Wasson, K.M., G.A. Hines J.M. McClintock and S.A. Watts. 1995. Progesterone metabolism in cell-free preparations of gonadal and body wall tissues from the echinoid Lytechinus variegatus. J. Ala. Acad. Sci., 66, 4.
121. Bishop, C.D., R. Angus and S.A. Watts. 1995. The use of feather meal as an alternative source of protein in the diet of the teleost Oreochromis niloticus. J. Ala. Acad. Sci., 66, 2.
122. Kreider, J., J. Floyd, M.E. Meade and S.A. Watts. 1995. Consumption, digestibility and absorption of a formulated diet in the crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus. J. Ala. Acad. Sci., 66, 14.
123. Powell, M.L. and S.A. Watts. 1995. Identification of several Tilapia species using isoelectric focusing of muscle proteins. J. Ala. Acad. Sci., 66, 3.
124. Hines, G.A., K.M. Wasson and S.A. Watts. 1995. One fish, two fish...girl fish, guy fish... Social environment and gonadal steroidogenesis in tilapia. Proceedings 5th Intl. Symp. Reprod. Physiol. Fish, in press.
125. Watts, S.A., G.A. Hines and K.M. Wasson. 1995. A sexual paradox: androgen and estrogen synthesis in tilapia. Proceedings 5th Intl. Symp. Reprod. Physiol. Fish, in press.
126. Bishop, C.D. and S.A. Watts. 1995. Effect of dietary regimes on digestive enzyme activities during post hatch development in the mouth brooding cichlid Oreochromis niloticus. Fish Feed and Nutrition Workshop, October, Columbus, Ohio.
127. Stuck, K., H. Furst, C. Boyd, W. Walker, S. Watts and F. Mayer. 1995. Evaluation and comparison of biochemical markers of anthropogenic stress in the sheepshead minnow. SETAC
128. Hines, G.A. and S.A. Watts. 1995. Effects of cofactor and enzyme concentration on androstenedione and testosterone metabolism in tilapia. Amer. Zool. 35, 25A.
129. Wasson, K.M., G.A. Hines and S.A. Watts. 1995. Progesterone metabolism in kidneys of the tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Amer. Zool. 35, 25A.
130. Powell, M.L. and S.A. Watts. 1995. Oxygen consumption in juvenile mudbugs. Amer. Zool. 35, 73.
131. Bishop, C.D. and S.A. Watts. 1995. Development of the alimentary canal and accessory digestive organs in the mouth brooding cichlid Oreochromis niloticus. Amer. Zool. 35, 72.
132. Hines, G.A., L. Boots and S.A. Watts. 1996. Steroid levels during early development of the tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 67, 67
133. Powell, M.L. and S.A. Watts. 1996. Environmental alterations of crayfish pigmentation. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 67, 54.
134. Hammer, H.S., C.D. Bishop and S.A. Watts. 1996. A preliminary survey of digestive enzymes in juyvenile red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 67, 55.
135. Wasson, K.M. and S.A. Watts. 1996. Bioconversion of cholesterol by the gonadal tissues of the echinoid Lytechinus variegatus. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 67, 56.
136. Saripalli, L.D. and S.A. Watts. 1996. Growth of Procambarus clarkii hatchlings using formulated diets. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 67, 58.
137. McKenzie, T., K.M. Wasson, G.A. Hines and S.A. Watts. 1996. Sex-specific 5b-reductase activity in the gonads of the nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 67,68.
138. Meade, M.E. and S.A. Watts. 1996. Crayfish aquaculture in Alabama. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 67, 60.
139. Wasson, K. and S.A. Watts. 1996. New method for evaluating the role of steroids in echinoids. Echinoderms: San Francisco. Proceeding of the International Echinoderm Conference, San Franscisco. R. Mooi and M. Telford (eds.). 1998. Balkema Press, Rotterdam. pg. 879.
140. Marion, K.R., S.A. Watts, J.B. McClintock, G. Schinner and T.S. Hopkins. Seasonal Gonad maturation in the seastar Astropecten articulatus from the northern Gulf of Mexico. Echinoderms: San Francisco. Proceeding of the International Echinoderm Conference, San Franscisco. R. Mooi and M. Telford (eds.). 1998. Balkema Press, Rotterdam
141. McClintock, J.B., G. Hines, C. Byrum, K. Wasson and S. A. Watts. 1996. Sex Steroid Biosynthesis in Two Antarctic Echinoderms: Odontaster validus and Sterechinus neumayeri. Echinoderms: San Francisco. Proceeding of the International Echinoderm Conference, San Franscisco. R. Mooi and M. Telford (eds.). 1998. Balkema Press, Rotterdam. pg. 51.
142. Powell, M.L., D. Kraus and S.A. Watts. 1997. Oxygen affinities of hemocyanins in two commercially cultured crayfish species. Internation Association of Astacology, 11th Symposium
143. Meade, M.E. and S.A. Watts. Patterns of growth in hatchling Australian cray fish, Cherax quadricarinatus, fed various diets. Internation Association of Astacology, 11th Symposium
144. Hammer, H.S., C.D. Bishop and S.A. Watts. 1997. A preliminary survey of digestive enzymes in hatchling Procambarus clarkii. Internation Association of Astacology, 11th Symposium
145. Wasson, K., G. Hines, C. Byrum, J. McClintock and S.A. Watts. 1996. Sex Steroid Biosynthesis in Two Antarctic Echinoderms: Odontaster validus and Sterechinus neumayeri . Eastern Regional, Division of Comparative Endocrinology, Smith Mountain Lake, Virginia.
146. Bishop, C.D. and S.A. Watts. 1996. The effects of qualitatively different diets or starvation on the ontogeny of a functional digestive system in the cichlid Oreochromis niloticus. Amer. Zool. 36(5), 40A.
147. Powell, M.L., D. Kraus and S.A. Watts. 1996. Effects of temperature on the P50 in the crayfish Procambarus clarkii and Procambarus zonangulus. Amer. Zool. 36(5), 63A.
148. Wasson, K.M. and S.A. Watts. 1996. Use of finasteride for evaluating the role of steroids in the gonads of the echinoid Lytechinus variegatus. Amer. Zool. 36(5), 99A.
149. Henry, R.P. and S.A. Watts. 1997. Carbonic anhydrase induction in the gills of the euryhaline blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, in low salinity is independent of ornithine decarboxylase activity. FACEB
150. McKenzie, T., K. Wasson, S. A. Watts and J. Kappes. 1997. Steroid metabolism in human mononucleocytes. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 68 (2), 13p.
151. Watts, S.A. K. Wasson and M. Patrick. 1997. 5ß-Androstane-3α,17ß-diol is not an effective sex reversal agent in the tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 68 (2), 135.
152. Bishop, C.D. and S.A. Watts. 1997. The effect of qualitatively different diets or starvation on the ontogeny of a functional digestive system in the cichlid Oreochromis niloticus. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 68 (2), 149.
153. Meade, M.E., H. Hammer, M. Powell and S.A. Watts. 1997. Aquaculture of red swamp crayfish using non-forage based feeding regimes. Annual International Conference and Exposition of the World Aquaculture Society. pp. 324.
154. Powell, M.L., H. Hammer and S.A. Watts. 1997. Demographics of claw loss and regeneration in the crayfish, Procambarus clarkii. Annual International Conference and Exposition of the World Aquaculture Society. pp. 374.
155. Hines, G.A. and S.A. Watts. 1997. Understanding hormonal sex reversal in tilapia. Annual International Conference and Exposition of the World Aquaculture Society. pp. 490.
156. Hammer, H.S., C.D. Bishop and S.A. Watts. 1997. Ontogeny of digestive enzymes in the red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii. Annual International Conference and Exposition of the World Aquaculture Society. pp. 193.
157. Wasson, K.M. and S.A.Watts. 1998. Estradiol, testosterone and progersterone affect ovarian development in the echinoid Lytechinus variegatus. Amer. Zool. 37(5), 182A.
158. Powell, M.L., H.S. Hammer and S.A. Watts. 1998. Incidence of claw loss in the crayfish Procambarus clarkii in culture ponds. Amer. Zool. 37(5), 192A.
159. Watts, Stephen A., A. Boettger, J.B. McClintock and J.M. Lawrence. 1998. Assessment of Lytechinus variegatus and a fishery and aquaculture candidate in the Gulf of Mexico. World Aquaculture Society, Las Vegas, Nevada. p. 573.
160. Bishop, C.D. and S.A. Watts. 1998. Live feeds appear necessary at first feed to promote maximal growth and normal development of the digestive system in Oreochromis niloticus. World Aquaculture Society, Las Vegas, Nevada. p. 572.
161. Kreider, J.L. and S.A. Watts. 1998. Behavioral feeding responses of the crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, to natural dietary items and common components of formulated crustacean feeds. World Aquaculture Society, Las Vegas, Nevada. p. 571.
162. Rowell, C.B. and S.A. Watts. 1998. Sex steroids during differentiation in the tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 69 (2), 76.
163. Hammer, H.S., S.A. Watts and C.D. Bishop. 1998. A characterization of three digestive enzymes from the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 69(2), 67.
164. Powell, M.L. and S.A. Watts. 1998. Metabolic enzyme activities in the crayfish Procambarus clarkii. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 69 (2), 76.
165. Watts, S.A., S.A. Boettger, J.B. McClintock and John M. Lawrence. 1998. Gonad production in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck) fed prepared diets. North American Echinoderm Meeting, Wallops Island, Maryland.
166. Wasson, K.M. and S.A. Watts. 1998. Estradiol, testosterone and progesterone affect ovarian development in the echinoid Lytechinus variegatus. North American Echinoderm Meeting, Wallops Island, Maryland.
167. Boettger, S.A., S.A. Watts, J. B. McClintock, L.E. Thompson and J.M. Lawrence. 1998. Variations in the distribution and abundance of Lytechinus variegatus in Saint Andrew Bay, Northern Gulf of Mexico. North American Echinoderm Meeting, Wallops Island, Maryland.
168. Rowell, C.B., G.A. Hines, T. Wibbels, S.A. Watts and G.C. Mair. 1998. Characterization of 17beta-estradiol metabolism during the period of sex differentiation. Amer. Zool. 38(5), 88A.
169. Murdock, C., M. Powell, S. Watts and T. Wibbels. 1998. Cloning of a region of the steroidogenic factor-1 cDNA in the tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Amer. Zool. 38(5), 108A.
170. Wasson, K.M., G.A. Hines and S.A. Watts. 1998. Androgen metabolism in the gonads of the echinoid Lytechinus variegatus during three annual reproductive cycles. Amer. Zool. 38(5), 111A.
171. Hammer, H.S., S.A. Watts and C.D. Bishop. 1998. Developmental expression of digestive enzymes in Procambarus clarkii. Amer. Zool. 38(5), 167A.
172. Powell, M.L., and S.A. Watts. 1998. Response of metabolic rate to temperature exposure in two sympatric crayfish species. Amer. Zool. 38(5), 190A.
173. Powell, M.L. and S.A. Watts. 1999. The effect of long-term starvation on fecundity and survivorship in two procambarid crayfish species. Ala. Acad. Sci. 70, (1,2), 12.
174. Rowell, C.B., G.A. Hines, G.C. Mair, T. Wibbels and S.A. Watts. 1999. Analysis of estradiol metabolism in the Nile tilapia during early development. Ala. Acad. Sci. 70 (1,2), 9.
175. Hammer, H.S. and S.A. Watts. 1999. A preliminary determination of three digestive enzymes in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. Ala. Acad. Sci. 70, (1,2), 10.
176. Powell, M.L. and S.A. Watts. 1999. Resource utilization during starvation in tissues of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii. The Crustacean Society, Summer Meeting.
177. Powell, M.L. and S.A. Watts. 1999. Life in the burrows: metabolic rate depression in two species of crayfish. Fifth International Congress of Comparative Physiology Biochemistry, Calgary, Alberta.
178. Hammer, H.S. and S.A. Watts. 1999. Digestive enzymes in the gut of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. Fifth International Congress of Comparative Physiology Biochemistry, Calgary, Alberta.
179. Rowell, C.B., S.A. Watts and S. Barnes. 1999. Do the soy isoflavones genestein and genestin mimic estrogens in fish? Amer. Zool. 39 (5), 25A.
180. Watts, S.A., M.S. Vickery, J.B. McClintock and J.M. Lawrence. 1999. Rearing sea urchin larvae in artificial seawater. Amer. Zool. 39 (5), 38A.
181. Hammer, H.S., S.A. Watts, J.B. McClintock, J.M. Lawrence and A.L. Lawrence. 1999. Dietary protein affects consumption, gonad production and survivorship in the echinoid Lytechinus variegatus. Amer. Zool. 39 (5), 95A.
182. Powell, M.L. and S.A. Watts. 1999. Body component analysis of hypogean crayfish. Amer. Zool. 39 (5), 69A.
183. Lawrence, J.M. L. Plank, J.B. McClintock, S.A. Watts and A.L. Lawrence. 1999. The effect of feeding regime on consumption, absorption efficiency, and assimilation efficiency in Lytechinus variegatus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Amer. Zool. 39 (5), 95A.
184. Wallace, B.D., Cunningham, A.W., M.S. Vickery, S.A. Watts, J.B. McClintock and J.M. Lawrence. 2000. Understanding early life history strategies during culture of the sea urchin, Lytechinus variegatus. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 71, 2.
185. Hammer, H.S., S.A. Watts, J.B. McClintock, J.M. Lawrence and A.L. Lawrence. 2000. The effects of dietary protein on the production and proximate composition of gonads in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 71, 3.
186. Duvall, M.G. C.B. Rowell, S.A. Watts and G.C. Mair. 2000. Estrogen, estrogen agonists, and estrogen antagonists in tilapia: Effects on sex differentiation and gonadal maturation. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 71, 7.
187. Watts, S.A., P. Kennedy and D. Cunningham. 2000. Cage culture of tilapia in rural farm ponds. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 71, 18
188. Washinski, K. W.H. Daniels, G.S. Blank and S.A. Watts. 2000. Effect of diet on growth and survival of juvenile eastern white river crayfish Procambarus acutus acutus. Aquaculture America 2000, New Orleans. pg. 348.
189. Hammer, H.S., S.A. Watts, J.M. Lawrence, A.L. Lawrence and J.B. McClintock. 2001. The effects of dietary protein on the production and proximate composition of gonads in the edible sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. World Aquaculture Society, Orlando, Florida.
190. Hofer, S.C., B. Wallace, H. Hammer, R. Worrell, J. Owens, M. Powell, M. Drackett, S. Abernathy and S.A. Watts. 2001. Low temperature tolerance in fingerling GMT Oreochromis niloticus. World Aquaculture Society, Orlando, Florida.
191. Powell, M.L. and S.A. Watts. 2001. Underground survival: Energy mobilization and utilization in the crayfish Procambarus clarkii. World Aquaculture Society, Orlando, Florida.
192. Wallace, B.D., H. Hammer, S.A. Watts, J.M. Lawrence and A.L. Lawrence. 2001. The effects of dietary protein on growth of juvenile sea urchins. World Aquaculture Society, Orlando, Florida.
193. Watts, S.A., S.L. Croll and M.L. Powell. 2001. Management considerations for crayfish fed formulated diets in ponds. World Aquaculture Society, Orlando, Florida.
194. Watts, S.A., M.S. Vickery, M. Becerro, B. Wallace and J.M. Lawrence. 2001. Problems associated with settlement, metamorphosis and post-metamorphic growth of Lytechinus variegatus in culture. World Aquaculture Society, Orlando, Florida.
195. Croll, S.L. and S.A. Watts. 2001. The effect of temperature on feeding characteristics in two sympatric crayfish species. Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology. 40 (6), 984.
196. Hammer, H.S., S.A. Watts, J.M. Lawrence, A.L. Lawrence and J.B. McClintock. 2001. The effect of dietary protein concentration on gonad composition and gametic condition in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology. 40 (6), 1042.
197. Hofer, S.C., M. Drackett and S.A. Watts. 2001. Low temperature of GMT TM tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology. 40 (6), 1060.
198. Powell, M.L. and S.A. Watts. 2001. Survivor: the energetics of crayfish in burrows. Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology. 40 (6), 1177.
199. Wallace, B.D., H.S. Hammer, S.A. Watts, J.M. Lawrence and A.L. Lawrence. 2001. The effect of dietary protein concentration on the growth of juveniles of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology. 40 (6), 1248.
200. Croll, S.L. and S.A. Watts. 2001. Temperature influences feeding characteristics of two sympatric crayfish species. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 72 (2), 87.
201. Hofer, S.C. and S.A. Watts. 2001. Acclimation increases low temperature tolerance in fingerling GMTTM Oreochromis niloticus. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 72 (2), 95.
202. Cunningham, A.W., B.D. Wallace, S.A. Watts, J.M. Lawrence and A.L. Lawrence. 2001. Diet affects gonad development in female juvenile sea urchins (Lytechinus variegatus). J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 72 (2), 99.
203. Worrell, R.L., S.A. Watts and B. Gower. 2001. Glucose levels in the coelomic fluid vary with diet in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 72 (2), 95.
204. Wallace, B.D., H.S. Hammer, S.A. Watts, J.M. Lawrence and A.L. Lawrence. 2001. Dietary protein influences body components during growth in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 72 (2), 98.
205. Duvall, M.G., S.A. Watts and C.A. Lamartiniere. 2001. Tissue- and sex-specific distribution of estrogen receptors-alpha and -beta in tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 72 (2), 96.
206. Powell, M.L. and S.A. Watts. 2001. Effects of starvation on egg production in the crayfish Procambarus clarkii and P. zonangulus. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 72 (2), 97.
207. Worrell, R.L., S.A. Watts and B. Gower. 2001. Glucose levels in the coelomic fluid vary with diet in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. 2001 North American Echinoderm Conference, University of Maine.
208. Wallace, B.D., A.W. Cunningham, H.S. Hammer, S.A. Watts, J.M. Lawrence and A.L. Lawrence. 2001. The effect of protein on gonad development in small sea urchins (Lytechinus variegatus). 2001 North American Echinoderm Conference, University of Maine.
209. Watts, S.A., H.S. Hammer and P. Kennedy. 2002. Cage culture of GMT® tilapia in North Alabama. Alabama Fisheries Association, Gulf Shores, Alabama.
210. Hofer, S., S.A. Watts and J.M.Lawrence. 2002. The effect of temperature on consumption and growth in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 73(2), 62.
211. Cunningham, A. and S.A. Watts. 2002. Reproductive cycle of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus from a sheltered bay in Florida: A preliminary description. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 73(2), 72.
212. Cunningham, A. and S.A. Watts. 2003. The annual reproductive cycle of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus from the Florida panhandle. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 74(2), 87.
213. Gibbs, V.K. and S.A. Watts. 2003. Exposure temperature affects ovarian development in the regular sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 74(2), 77.
214. Hofer, S.C., S.A. Watts and J.M. Lawrence. 2003. Temperature affects feeding and growth characteristic of Lytechinus variegatus. Sea Urchin 2003, Puerto Varas, Chile.
215. Gibbs, V.K. and S.A. Watts. 2003. Acclimation temperature affects nutrient absorption in the regular sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. International Echinoderm Conference, Munich, Germany
216. Cunningham, A. and S.A. Watts. 2003. The reproductive cycle of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus from the Florida Panhandle. In: Heinzeller T, Nebelsick JH (eds). Echinoderms: München. Proceedings of the 11th International Echinoderm Conference, Munich, Germany, pp 575
217. Gibbs, V.K. and S.A. Watts. 2004. The Effect of Temperature on Nutrient Absorption in the Regular Sea Urchin Lytechinus variegatus. American Zoologist, Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology, New Orleans, Louisiana.
218. Powell, M.L. and S.A. Watts. 2004. Sea urchin embryos: A classical model redefined. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 76(2), presented, not published.
219. Watts, R.J., Watts, S.A., Hammer, H.S., Johnson, M.S. and T.R. Nagy. 2004. The use of duel-energy x-ray absorptiometry to determine body composition in fish. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 76(2), 70.
220. Powell, M.L., A.L. Morris and S.A. Watts. 2005. Observations on early nutrition and growth in newly-metamorphosed sea urchins, Lytechinus variegatus. Society for Comparative and Integrative Biology, San Diego, CA.
221. Gibbs, V.K. and S.A. Watts. 2005. Exposure temperature affects biochemical and cellular compostion of the gonad in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus (Echinodermata:Echinoidea). Society for Comparative and Integrative Biology, San Diego, CA.
222. Hammer, H.S., B. Hammer, S.A. Watts, J.M. Lawrence, A. Lawrence. 2005. Dietary protein affects growth of cultured sea urchins. Aquaculture America, New Orleans, LA.
223. Gibbs, V.K. and S.A. Watts. 2005. Significance of culture temperature to roe quality in cultured sea urchins fed a formulated diet. Aquaculture America, New Orleans, LA.
224. Jones, W.T., M.L. Powell and S.A. Watts. 2005. Aquaponics: A comprehensive teaching tool in education. Aquaculture America, New Orleans, LA.
225. Powell, M.L., A.L. Morris, L.R. D’Abramo, A. Lawrence and S.A. Watts. 2005. Advances in juvenile culture of sea urchins. Aquaculture America, New Orleans, LA.
226. Cunningham, A.W. and S.A. Watts. 2005. Proximate composition of the gonad varies during the reproductive cycle of Lytechinus variegatus. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 76(2), 105
227. Siccardi, A.J., S. Walker, A.L. Lawrence and S.A.Watts. 2005. Polyculture of the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 76(2), 115
228. Powell, M.L., W.T. Jones, V.K. Gibbs, H.S. Hammer, J.M. Lawrence, A.L. Lawrence and S.A. Watts. 2005. Copper is an essential micronutrient in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 76(2), 100
229. Watts, R.J. and S.A. Watts, T.R. Nagy and H.S. Hammer. 2005. Fat distribution in fed and starved channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 76(2), 105
230. Jones, W.T., V.K. Gibbs, M.L. Powell, H.S. Hammer, J.M. Lawrence, A.L. Lawrence, and S.A. Watts. 2005. Selenium toxicity in the regular sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 76(2), 106
231. Jones, W.T., S.A. Watts and G.A. Abbott. 2005. Bioinformatics: Modeling/visualization in a marine biology classroom. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 76(2), 134
232. Lawrence, A.L. and S.A. Watts. 2006. Sea urchin farming, feeds and nutrition: Importance, Status, Future. Texas Aquaculture Association, Corpus Christi, TX
233. Morris, A.L., M.L. Powell, S.A. Watts and A.L. Lawrence. 2006. The effect of dietary carbohydrate on weight gain and gonad production in juvenile Lytechinus variegatus (Echinodermata). J. Ala. Acad. Sci 77(2), 62
234. Powell, M.L., S.A. Watts and R.P. Henry. 2006. Inhibition of branchial carbonic anhydrase induction in the euryhaline blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, by a repressor in the sinus gland. Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology, Orlando, Florida.
235. Boettger, S.A., C.W. Walker, M.G. Devin, S.A. Watts, M.L. Powell, and A.L. Lawrence. 2006. Application of photoperiod manipulation and new extruded diets in sea urchin aquaculture. National Shellfish Association Abstracts. pg.24.
236. Gibbs, V.K., S.A. Watts, A.L. Lawrence, M.L. Powell, H.S. Hammer, W.T. Jones, J.M. Lawrence. 2006. The effects of dietary cholesterol and phospholipids on growth and reproduction in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. National Shellfish Association Abstracts. pg.41.
237. Hammer, H.S., S.A. Watts, A.L. Lawrence, M.L. Powell, W.T. Jones, V.K. Gibbs, and J.M. Lawrence. 2006. Effect of dietary protein on consumption, growth and production of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. National Shellfish Association Abstracts. pg.45.
238. Jones, W.T., M.L. Powell, V.K. Gibbs, H.S. Hammer, J.M. Lawrence, A.L. Lawrence and S.A. Watts. 2006. Effect of dietary selenium on the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. National Shellfish Association Abstracts. pg.52.
239. Lawrence, A.L., S.A. Watts, M.L. Powell, and J.M. Lawrence. 2006. A least cost formulated feed fro gonad production of the sear urchin Lytechinus variegatus. National Shellfish Association Abstracts. pg. 58.
240. Powell, M.L., W.T. Jones, V.K. Gibbs, H.S. Hammer, S.A. Watts, J.M. Lawrence and A.L. Lawrence. 2006. Copper is an essential nutrient and potential toxicant in the diet of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. National Shellfish Association Abstracts. pg. 74.
241. Schlosser, S.C., A.L. Lawrence, S.A. Watts, P.D. Tom, and J.M. Lawrence. 2006. Gonad productivity, color and texture in Strongylocentrotus franciscanus fed three prepared diets. National Shellfish Association Abstracts. pg. 83.
242. Siccardi III, A.J., A.L. Lawrence, and S.A. Watts. 2006. Polyculture of the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. National Shellfish Association Abstracts. pg. 84.
243. Watts, S.A., M.L. Powell, A.L. Lawrence, and J.M. Lawrence. 2006. Nutrition research in echinoids: considerations for methodology. National Shellfish Association Abstracts. pg. 101.
244. Watts, S.A., A.L. Lawrence, M.L. Powell, and J.M. Lawrence. 2006. Development of formulated feeds in echinoids. National Shellfish Association Abstracts. pg. 101.
245. Lawrence, A. L., J. M. Lawrence, S. A. Watts, M. L. Powell, W. T. Jones, H. S. Hammer, V. K. Gibbs. 2006. Development of and significance of semi-purified and purified feeds (diets) for sea urchins. 12th International Echinoderm Conference. University of New Hampshire. pg. 41
246. Hammer, H., S. Watts, W. Jones, V. Gibbs, M. Powell, A. Lawrence, L. D’Abramo, J. Lawrence. 2006. Effect of dietary menhaden oil and soy oil on consumption, somatic growth, nutrient digestibility and gonad production of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. 12th International Echinoderm Conference. University of New Hampshire. pg. 81
247. Jones, W. T., M.L. Powell, S.A. Watts, V.K. Gibbs, H.S. Hammer, A.L. Lawrence, J.M. Lawrence. Effect of dietary iron, zinc and manganese on growth in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. 2006. 12th International Echinoderm Conference. University of New Hampshire. pg. 38
248. Powell, M. L., W. T. Jones, V. K. Gibbs, H. S. Hammer, Addison L. Lawrence, and Stephen A. Watts. 2006. Effect of dietary calcium, magnesium and phosphorus on growth of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. 12th International Echinoderm Conference. University of New Hampshire. pg. 51
249. Gibbs, V. K., S. A. Watts, A. L. Lawrence, M. L. Powell, H. S. Hammer, W. T. Jones, and J. M. Lawrence. 2006. Dietary Phospholipids Affect Growth and Production of the Sea Urchin, Lytechinus variegatus, 12th International Echinoderm Conference. University of New Hampshire. pg.30.
250. Watts, S.A.. 2006. Sea urchin nutrition: implications for biology and ecology. 12th International Echinoderm Conference Abstracts. University of New Hampshire. pg. 14.
251. Cunningham, A. and S.A. Watts. 2006. The effect of temperature on early embryonic development in Lytechinus variegatus embryos for adults with different thermal histories. 12th International Echinoderm Conference Abstracts. University of New Hampshire. pg. 23.
252. Lawrence, A.L. and S.A. Watts. 2006. Dietary nutrient requirement determination and feed development for sea urchins for biomedical, ecotoxicological and educational models. Texas Sea Grant Annual Researcher Conference. Texas A&M, Galveston. October 2006.
253. Blair, Benjie, L. Nelson, C. Murdock, M. Meade and S.A. Watts. 2007. Qualitative analysis of sea urchin, Lytechinus variegatus, gut microflora to improve culture methods. Association of Southeastern Biologists.
254. Gibbs, V.K., S.A. Watts, A.L. Lawrence and J.M. Lawrence. 2007. Supplemented dietary phospholipids affect growth and production in juveniles of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. Aquaculture America, San Antonio, Tx. pg. 342.
255. Jennings, N.A., S.A. Watts, L. Pezzementi, M.L. Powell and A.L. Lawrence. 2007. Acetylcholinesterase activity as a marker for larval competency of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. Aquaculture America, San Antonio, Tx. pg. 434.
256. Powell, M.L., S.A. Watts, A.L. Lawrence and J.M. Lawrence. 2007. Dietary calcium affects growth in the juvenile sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. Aquaculture America, San Antonio, Tx. pg. 730.
257. Taylor, A.M., A.J. Siccardi III, S.A. Watts, M.L. Powell, and A.L. Lawrence. 2007. Effect of different dietary energy levels on apparent consumption and growth in ad libitum feeding studies with Lytechinus variegatus. Aquaculture America, San Antonio, Tx. pg. 903.
258. Watts, S.A., A.L. Lawrence, M.L. Powell, J.M. Lawrence, V.K. Gibbs, W.T. Jones and H.S. Hammer. 2007. Development of purified feeds for sea urchins. Aquaculture America, San Antonio, Tx. pg. 983.
259. Jennings, N.A., L. Pezzementi, M.L. Powell, A.L. Lawrence and S.A. Watts. 2007. Characterization of acetycholinesterase in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. 9th International Cholinesterase Conference, Suzhao China.
260. Gibbs, V.K., S.A. Watts, A.L. Lawrence and J.M. Lawrence. 2008. Dietary phospholipids affect lipid storage in the gut and gonads of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology, San Antonio, Tx.
261. M.L. Powell, Vithal Ghanta, Amy Nelson, Heath Garris, Natalie Jennings, Addison Lawrence, Stephen A. Watts. 2008. The effect of dietary copper on coelomocyte populations in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology. San Antonio, TX.
262. Moseley, D.B., A.J. Siccardi III, H.W. Garris and S.W. Watts. 2008. The effect of monosodium L-glutamate on the early development of the sea urchin (Lytechinus variegatus) and the zebrafish (Danio rerio). Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology. San Antonio, TX.
263. M.L. Powell, Victoria K. Gibbs, Warren Jones, Hugh Hammer, Stephen A. Watts, Addison L. Lawrence and John M. Lawrence. 2008. Immersion weights in juvenile sea urchins, Lytechinus variegatus. World Aquaculture, Orlando, FL. Abstracts. Pg. 304.
264. Garris, H.W., A.J. Siccardi III, W.T. Jones, D.B. Moseley, S.A. Watts, A.L. Lawrence and L.R. D’Abramo. 2008. Growth and survival of zebrafish (Danio rerio) fed different formulated diets. World Aquaculture, Orlando, FL.
265. Gibbs, V.K., S.A. Watts, A.L. Lawrence and J.M. Lawrence. 2008. The effect of dietary phospholipids on lipid storage in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. World Aquaculture, Orlando, FL.
266. Jones, W.T., A.J. Siccardi III, S.A. Watts and A.L. Lawrence. 2008. The effect of vitamin D on survival and weight gain in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. World Aquaculture, Orlando, FL.
267. Watts, S.A., A.J. Siccardi, H.W. Garris, W.T. Jones, D.B. Moseley, M.L. Powell, A.L. Lawrence and L.R. D’Abramo. 2008. Approaches to the development of practical and experimental formulated diets for zebrafish culture. World Aquaculture, Orlando, FL.
268. Kindred, A.L., A. Patel, V.K. Gibbs, A.L. Lawrence and S.A. Watts. 2008. Caffeine affects embryological development of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 79(2), 72.
269. Trawick, K.N., J.E. Etling, A.L. Lawrence and S.A.Watts. 2008. Effects of dietary zinc on growth and reproduction of the sea urchin, Lytechinus variegatus. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 79(2), 76.
270. Richardson, C.M. and S.A. Watts. 2008. Factors leading to cannibalism in lab-reared Lytechinus variegatus (Echinodermata). J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 79(2), 77.
271. Etling, J.E., M.L. Powell, A.L. Lawrence and S.A. Watts. 2008. Observations of growth in newly-metamorphosed juvenile Lytechinus variegatus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 79(2), 82.
272. Padgett-Vasquez, S., A.J. Siccardi III, L.R. D’Abramo and S.A. Watts. 2008. The effect of dietary calcium on zebrafish (Danio rerio) growth, survival, and bone mineral density. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 79(2), 86.
273. Etling, J.E., M.L. Powell, A.L. Lawrence and S.A. Watts. 2008. Evaluating nutrient requirements in newly-metamorphosed juvenile Lytechinus variegatus (Echinodermata: Echinodea). Fifth North American Echinoderm Conference, Melbourne, FL. Gulf of Mexico Sci. 26(2), 148.
274. Gibbs, V.K, A. Cunningham and S.A. Watts. 2008. Annual cycle of the gut of the variegatus sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus from the Northern Gulf of Mexico. Fifth North American Echinoderm Conference, Melbourne, FL. Gulf of Mexico Sci. 26(2), 148.
275. Jones, W.T., S.A. Watts, M.L. Powell, V.K. Gibbs, H.S. Hammer and A.L. Lawrence. 2008. Histometric analysis of nutritive and gametic tissue in Lytechinus variegatus. Fifth North American Echinoderm Conference, Melbourne, FL. Gulf of Mexico Sci. 26(2), 153.
276. Powell, M.L., V.K. Ghanta, A.R. Nelson, A.L. Lawrence and S.A. Watts. 2008. The effect of diet on coelomocyte cell populations in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. Fifth North American Echinoderm Conference, Melbourne, FL. Gulf of Mexico Sci. 26(2), 161.
277. Richardson, C.M. and S.A. Watts. 2008. Observations of cannibalism in lab-reared Lytechinus variegatus (Echinodermata). Fifth North American Echinoderm Conference, Melbourne, FL. Fifth North American Echinoderm Conference, Melbourne, FL. Gulf of Mexico Sci. 26(2), 161.
278. Trawick, K.N., J.E. Etling, A.L. Lawrence and S.A. Watts. 2008. Effect of dietary zinc on growth and reproduction of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. Fifth North American Echinoderm Conference, Melbourne, FL. Gulf of Mexico Sci. 26(2), 167.
279. Bandolon, A., J.M. Fox, A.L. Lawrence, J.M. Lawrence, and S.A. Watts. 2009. Effect of feed rate on food consumption by the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. World Aquaculture, Orlando, FL.
280. Jones, W.T., H.S. Hammer, M.L. Powell, V.K. Gibbs, A.L. Lawrence, J.M. Lawrence and S.A. Watts. 2009. Are vitamins required in formulated feeds for the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus? Southeastern Biology 56(3), 253.
281. Gibbs, V.K., A.W. Cunningham and S.A. Watts. 2009. Annual cycle of gut size and proximate composition of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus from the Northern Gulf of Mexico. Southeastern Biology 56(3), 251.
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References
Joan F. Lorden, Ph.D. Provost and Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs University of North Carolina at Charlotte Charlotte, NC 28223-0001 704-687-2624 704-687-6912 (fax) Email: This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it
Bryan Noe, Ph.D. Dean, Graduate School University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL 35294-1240 205-935-8852 Email: This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it
Ken Marion, Ph.D. Chair Emeritus, Department of Biology University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL 35294-1170 205-934-8309 205-975-6097 (fax) Email: This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it
Colin J. Davis, Ph.D. Professor, Department of History School of Social and Behavioral Sciences Ullman Building, 339B University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL 35294-3350 205-975-7176 205-975-8360 (fax) Email: This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it
Flowers Braswell, Ph.D. Professor, Department of English University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL 35294-1170 205-934-8591 Email: This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it
Louis R. D'Abramo, Ph.D. W. L. Giles Distinguished Professor Dean, Graduate School Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Mississippi State University Box 9690 Mississippi State, MS 39762 Phone: 662-325-7492 Fax: 662-325-8726 Email: This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it
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