As winter illnesses circulate, UAB experts warn about the impact of untreated sinus infections.As cold and flu season settles in, sinus infections are another common illness seen in doctors’ offices this time of year. Sinusitis occurs when the tissues and linings of the sinuses become inflamed. For many, these infections are nothing more than an inconvenience and a few days of congestion. However, according to experts at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, a sinus infection can become dangerous in severe cases.

“It doesn’t happen often, but a sinus infection can spread beyond the nasal passages and into the brain,” said Elizabeth Liptrap, M.D., assistant professor in the Department of Neurosurgery. “When this happens, it can cause a brain abscess and become fatal if not treated properly.”

A brain abscess is a life-threatening fluid-filled pocket of infection in the brain, most often caused by infection elsewhere in the body. Without immediate treatment, brain abscesses can lead to brain damage and other neurological issues like seizures.

How a sinus infection reaches the brain

The sinuses are located just millimeters away from the brain, separated only by thin bone. When a severe sinus infection goes untreated or worsens, bacteria can erode through these barriers or enter the bloodstream, allowing infection to spread.

Once inside, bacteria can trigger swelling, tissue damage and a buildup of fluid, forming a brain abscess that demands urgent medical care.

Even a small abscess can lead to serious neurological symptoms and become life-threatening within days.

Warning signs to never ignore

Jessica Grayson, M.D., associate professor in the Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, says many sinus infections are viral in nature, particularly this time of year. 

“If you have symptoms that persist beyond seven days, please see your doctor,” Grayson said.

Experts urge patients to watch closely for these red flags:

• A severe or unrelenting headache that feels different from typical sinus pressure
• A fever that refuses to break
• Nausea, vomiting or extreme fatigue
• Confusion, slurred speech or personality changes
• Vision problems or weakness on one side of the body

If these symptoms appear, especially after a sinus infection, seek medical attention immediately. Timely diagnosis and treatment are crucial for preventing permanent brain damage or death.

“Brain abscesses related to sinus infections are rare, but they are medical emergencies when they do occur,” Liptrap said. 

Grayson says that knowing your body is important and stressed the importance of prioritizing well-being.

“Quick action could be the difference between a routine infection and a life-threatening complication,” she said.