The use of three dimensional (3D) printers is rapidly expanding. This innovative technology can create everything from manufacturing prototypes and biological scaffolds to buildings. The processes using 3D print technology are not without hazards. Toxic volatile chemicals, ultra fine (nano) particles and even biological contaminants may be generated depending on the equipment and applications.

The most common desktop 3D printers use molten polymers, either acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) or polylactic acid (PLA), as the filament ink. Both of these materials emit numerous volatile organic compounds (VOCs), many of them toxic. In addition to VOCs, the printing process generates nano particles which pose a respiratory hazard.

More novel applications involve the printing of biological scaffolds used to generate organs and other structures. The use of biological materials may require Institutional BioSafety committee approval and protocols to disinfect equipment.

Control measures to reduce the hazards associated with 3D printing include:

• A complete risk assessment
• Use of manufacturer’s recommended controls
• Proper ventilation of the area, plus local exhaust ventilation if necessary
• Use of low emission printer and material if possible
• Enclosure of the printer
• Appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) including respirators if indicated by the risk assessment

Additional information on 3D printer Safety can be found at:

CDC: 3D Printing / Additive Manufacturing